Natures wonders: fungus controls of insects (Introduction)

by David Turell , Sunday, May 21, 2023, 00:36 (551 days ago) @ David Turell

An example of zombified fruit flies:

https://phys.org/news/2023-05-puppeteer-fungus-takeover-zombie-flies.html

"In a new study published in eLife, lead author Carolyn Elya, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard, reveals the molecular and cellular underpinnings behind the parasitic fungus, Entomophthora muscae's (E. muscae), ability to manipulate the behavior of fruit flies.

"Elya first described the manipulated behavior, called summiting, in a study published in eLife in 2018. Elya, who was studying microbes carried by fruit flies while a graduate student at University of California (UC) Berkeley, set out rotting fruit to capture wild fruit flies.

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"Summiting occurs at sunset when the infected flies climb to an elevated location and extend their proboscises to the surface. A sticky droplet that emerges from the proboscis adheres the fly to the surface right before the wings raise up and away from the body and the flies die.

"'The climbing is very important as it positions the fly in an advantageous location for the fungus to spread to the most possible hosts," says Elya. "The fungus jumps to the new host by forming very specialized and temporary structures that burst through the fly's skin and shoots spores into the environment that are only good for a handful of hours. It's a fleeting process, so an advantageous position is everything to survival."

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"'We found that summiting is not about climbing," said Elya, "it's actually this burst of locomotor activity that starts about two and a half hours before the flies die."

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'"Overall, we found the flies hormonal axes was mediating summiting behavior. When we silenced these neurons the flies were really bad at summiting," Elya says. These neurons send projections to a neurohemal organ that produces juvenile hormone, a hormone conserved in insects. "We think the fungus is actually driving the activity of these neurons in order to drive the release of this hormone, which is causing the flies to have this burst of locomotor activity."

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"Interestingly, the team also discovered that the flies blood brain barrier is compromised when exposed to the fungus. Normally the neurons are protected from the blood that's circulating through the fly's body. The breakdown of the blood brain barrier has important consequences for what the neurons are being exposed to, potentially allowing things that are circulating in the blood to interact with neurons in the brain, thus providing a route for modulating neural activity.

"'We think this could be important for the way that the fungus is driving behavioral changes," Elya said, "and we actually found that you can pull blood from flies that are doing the summiting behavior, put it into naive flies and drive some of this increased locomotion. So we've shown that there's at least the partial ability to recapitulate this summiting behavior just by transferring fly blood."

"Elya says that these experiments show some blood-borne factors can drive summiting behavior, though it's not yet clear what the identity of these factors are or who produces them (the fungus or the fly)."

Comment: fungus zombie control of the host helps the fungus to live on in new hosts. We have presented many examples of this in zombified ants. Parasitic fungi use this way to survive.