Biological complexity: introducing glycoproteins (Introduction)

by David Turell , Friday, April 05, 2024, 19:33 (232 days ago) @ David Turell

A review of their activities:

https://www.the-scientist.com/an-introduction-to-glycoproteins-71221?utm_campaign=TS_Ne...

"Glycoproteins are a large and diverse group of proteins to which one or more sugar molecules, known as oligosaccharides, have been attached through covalent bonding. These diverse proteins have a wide range of functions, including roles in immune response activation, cell signaling, and disease processes. More than 50 percent of proteins in eukaryotes are known to be glycoproteins, with some predictions being as high as 70 percent.

"The many varieties of glycoproteins differ from each other in several key ways, including the type of oligosaccharide that is attached, its length, whether it is branched or linear, and where on the protein the attachment occurs.

"Glycoproteins are formed through glycosylation, which is a complex and reversible enzymatic reaction that transpires across all domains of life. Glycosylation can occur as a type of post-translational modification (PTM), or it can happen co-translationally, as is the case with N-glycosylation. There are six known types of glycosylation, resulting in different types of glycoproteins, and some glycoproteins bear multiple sites of glycosylation.

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"The addition of carbohydrates to proteins via glycosylation affects how proteins fold, provides specific instructions on where they will be trafficked, and allows them to perform a wider range of functions.11 Glycoproteins make up the majority of soluble proteins because they are hydrophilic, and most membrane proteins are also glycoproteins. The oligosaccharide chains of membrane glycoproteins are always positioned on the outside of the lipid bilayer of the cell, coating eukaryotic cells with these carbohydrates. This coating is called the cell coat or glycocalyx.

"Glycoproteins are incredibly diverse and have myriad functions within organisms, including roles in development, growth, homeostasis, and survival. They are crucial for cellular interactions; secreted glycoproteins can act as signaling molecules and membrane-bound glycoproteins can function as the surface receptors to which those signaling molecules bind. A key example of this is glycoprotein hormones and their receptors, which are involved in human reproduction.

"Glycoproteins also function extensively in the human innate and adaptive immune system—in fact, almost all immune molecules are glycoproteins. For example, glycoproteins form the T cell receptor complex, the antibodies produced by B cells, and the major histocompatibility complex. Cytokines secreted by immune cells that control inflammation are also glycoproteins.

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"Glycoproteins also serve important functions in infectious disease, with glycoprotein receptors expressed on viral capsids involved in both recognition and infection of viable host cells. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, gains access to human cells with its spike protein, which is a glycoprotein. Further studies of glycoproteins in humans and microorganisms will expand the understanding of disease pathogenesis and yield a greater range of disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets."

Comment: They are a vital protein molecule which again points to complex design.