Biological complexity: zinc actions in the cell (Introduction)

by David Turell , Tuesday, May 30, 2023, 00:50 (333 days ago) @ David Turell

A very important trace metal in our cells:

https://phys.org/news/2023-05-zinc-homeostasis-cells.html

"A research group has unearthed how zinc transporter complexes regulate zinc ion (Zn2+) concentrations in different areas of the Golgi apparatus and revealed that this mechanism finely tunes the chaperone protein ERp44.

"The findings reveal the crucial chemical and cellular biological mechanism at play behind zinc homeostasis, something necessary for avoiding fatal diseases such as diabetes, cancers, growth failures, and immunodeficiency.

"As a trace element, zinc is essential for our health. Zn2+ are vital for enzyme catalysis, protein folding, DNA binding, and regulating gene expression, with nearly 10% of human proteome binding Zn2+ for their structural maturation and function.

"Secretory proteins like hormones, immunoglobulins, and blood clotting factors are synthesized and folded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a complex membrane network of tubules. Subsequently, they are transported to and matured in the Golgi apparatus, the organelle composed of multiple flattened sacs called cisternae, which sorts and processes proteins before directing them to a specific destination. Chaperone proteins are vital for maintaining protein homeostasis and preventing the formation of misfolded or aggregated proteins in these organelles.

"The group's previous research demonstrated that Zn2+ in the Golgi apparatus plays an essential part in protein quality control in the early secretory pathway comprising the ER and Golgi. This system is mediated by the ER-Golgi cycling chaperone protein ERp44.

"In the Golgi apparatus, there exists three ZnT complexes: ZnT4, Znt5/6, and ZnT7. Yet, until now, mechanisms of how Zn2+ homeostasis is maintained in the Golgi apparatus has remained unclear.

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"ERp44 captures immature secretory proteins at the Golgi apparatus to prevent their abnormal secretion. Previous studies have shown that mice with the expression of ERp44 suppressed suffer from heart failure and hypotension.

"Additionally, many secretory zinc enzymes are related to various diseases, including metastasis of cancer cells and hypophosphatasia. These enzymes depend on the Golgi-resident ZnT complexes to acquire Zn2+ for enzymatic activity. Male mice with ZnT5 suppressed have experienced death caused by arrhythmias, so there is possible relevance of Zn2+ homeostasis to cardiovascular disease.

"'Our findings will help us understand the mechanism by which disruptions of Zn2+ homeostasis in the early secretory pathway leads to the development of pathological conditions," adds Inaba.

Comment: many different metals play important roles in intracellular biochemistry as part of small molecules and in giant enzymes. This tight regulation is the way the cell automatically controls its environment.