Biological complexity: cell competition (Introduction)
Normal cells act to remove unfit and aberrant cells:
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/survival-of-the-fittest-cells/?utm_source=ne...
"an explosion of similar discoveries has revealed squabbles, fights and all-out wars playing out on the cellular level. Known as cell competition, it works a bit like natural selection between species, in that fitter cells win out over their less-fit neighbours. The phenomenon can act as quality control during an organism’s development, as a defence against precancerous cells and as a key part of maintaining organs such as the skin, intestine and heart. Cells use a variety of ways to eliminate their rivals, from kicking them out of a tissue to inducing cell suicide or even engulfing them and cannibalizing their components. The observations reveal that the development and maintenance of tissues are much more chaotic processes than previously thought. “This is a radical departure from development as a preprogrammed set of rules that run like clockwork,” says Thomas Zwaka, a stem-cell biologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.
"But questions abound as to how individual cells recognize and act on weaknesses in their neighbours. Labs have been diligently hunting for—and squabbling over—the potential markers for fitness and how they trigger competitive behaviours.
***
"Myc acts as a master controller of cell growth, and Minute encodes a key component needed for synthesizing proteins—so it’s not surprising that reduced expression of those proteins makes cells less fit. But the next finding took people by surprise. A pair of papers by Johnston and Moreno showed that cells with an extra copy of normal dMyc outcompeted wild-type cells. These fitter-than-wild-type cells came to be called “supercompetitors”.
"The discovery of supercompetition emphasized that cell competition is about the relative fitness of a group of cells, says Zwaka. If one cell is falling behind, the entire group of neighbours could decide it has to go. But on the flipside, they can also sense that certain cells are better and should survive.
"Cell competition wasn’t simply about getting rid of defects; it was about survival of the fittest, with the less-fit ‘loser’ cells dying and the ‘winners’ proliferating. Importantly, competition was seen only when there was a mixture of genetically different cells, a phenomenon known as mosaicism. In this way, cell competition acts like a quality-control system, booting out undesirable cells during development.
***
"But Torres’s team, led by then-postdoc Cristina Clavería, also made the striking observation that Myc expression varied naturally in mouse ESCs. Cells in the embryo with approximately half the amount of the protein compared with their neighbours were dying by apoptosis. This was one of the first studies that strongly pointed to naturally arising cell competition.
***
"One big puzzle is how cells in a group sense fitness. “Maybe cells are recognizing chemical differences, or physical differences, or differences in cell-membrane composition,” says Fujita, who adds that labs have found evidence for all three.
"His filament-poking kidney-cell experiments suggest that cell–cell contact is needed. Others have seen chemical-fitness signals that seem to be short-range, travelling up to eight cell diameters. Exactly which molecules are responsible for this signalling—either secreted chemicals or physical tags—is the subject of intense debate and investigation.
"Both Johnston and Zwaka have turned up signals associated with immune surveillance. Johnston’s group identified molecules that typically call immune cells to swarm in and engulf foreign invaders and that were driving death in losers. Normal cells express low levels of these death signals at all times. But in a competitive mix, winners flooded their loser neighbours with the signal, which pushed them to kill themselves.
"Zwaka proposes that cells might assess each other’s health by sniffing out the general signals or debris that cells shed. It’s akin to smelling the steaks that your neighbour is grilling for dinner and concluding that they must be doing well.
"Or it could be as simple as seeing which flag your neighbour is flying. Moreno heads his own group now at the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown in Lisbon, Portugal, which discovered a membrane-spanning protein called Flower. In humans, the protein can take four forms, each displaying its own characteristic structure on the outer cell surface. Two signal ‘I’m a winner’ and the other two signal ‘I’m a loser’ to nearby cells, says Moreno."
Comment: Much of this cell competition helps explain embryological formation. And I think the comments about how this works is through molecular sensing is a correct view. In the embryo much of has got to be automatic to follow the blue print in the DNA.
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- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-06-01, 21:29
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
dhw,
2016-06-02, 12:40
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-06-03, 01:55
- Biological complexity: chromosome and how we smell odors - David Turell, 2019-01-19, 00:43
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-06-03, 01:55
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
dhw,
2016-06-02, 12:40
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-06-01, 21:29
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
dhw,
2016-06-01, 12:48
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-06-01, 01:39
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
dhw,
2016-05-31, 13:16
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-05-30, 14:43
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
dhw,
2016-05-30, 09:10
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-05-29, 15:11
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
dhw,
2016-05-29, 13:28
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-05-28, 21:42
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
dhw,
2016-05-28, 11:35
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-05-27, 15:13
- Biological complexity: how plants bind nitrogen -
David Turell,
2016-05-26, 22:04
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2019-08-13, 21:10
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors - David Turell, 2019-09-04, 22:55
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors; very well -
David Turell,
2020-03-30, 21:03
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors; very well - David Turell, 2020-04-12, 21:27
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors; very well - David Turell, 2021-08-04, 22:55
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-05-26, 18:36
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-26, 17:17
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-26, 22:25
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-27, 13:04
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-27, 18:52
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-28, 11:43
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-28, 21:48
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-29, 13:34
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-29, 15:17
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-30, 09:14
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-30, 14:50
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-31, 13:23
- Biological complexity: intercellular signalling - David Turell, 2016-05-31, 15:05
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-06-01, 01:54
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-01, 13:04
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-06-01, 21:22
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-02, 12:27
- Biological complexity: circadian clocks - David Turell, 2016-06-02, 14:15
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-06-03, 01:42
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-03, 13:08
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-06-04, 02:45
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-04, 11:37
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-06-04, 15:53
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-05, 13:08
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-06-05, 15:43
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-06, 12:52
- Biological complexity: calcium blood level controls -
David Turell,
2016-06-09, 23:25
- Biological complexity: kidney function is higly complex - David Turell, 2016-06-27, 01:31
- Biological complexity: calcium blood level controls -
David Turell,
2016-06-09, 23:25
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-06, 12:52
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-06-05, 15:43
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-05, 13:08
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-06-04, 15:53
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-04, 11:37
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-06-04, 02:45
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-03, 13:08
- Biological complexity: how to make a whale -
David Turell,
2016-06-30, 02:02
- Biological complexity: automatic breathing controls -
David Turell,
2016-07-05, 18:07
- Biological complexity: cell communication controls -
David Turell,
2016-07-05, 18:21
- Biological complexity: immune cell stem cell cooperation -
David Turell,
2016-07-08, 15:21
- Biological complexity: human male sex function -
David Turell,
2016-07-13, 19:50
- Biological complexity: human male sex function - David Turell, 2019-05-03, 20:49
- Biological complexity: human male sex function -
David Turell,
2016-07-13, 19:50
- Biological complexity: intracellular protein delivery -
David Turell,
2016-08-19, 23:10
- Biological complexity: intracellular protein delivery -
dhw,
2016-08-20, 12:06
- Biological complexity: intracellular protein delivery -
David Turell,
2016-08-20, 16:25
- Biological complexity: how nucleus holds it shape -
David Turell,
2016-08-22, 20:09
- Biological complexity: how vitamin A enters a cell -
David Turell,
2016-08-25, 20:08
- Biological complexity: one receptor, two T cells -
David Turell,
2016-08-29, 15:54
- Biological complexity: one receptor, two T cells -
dhw,
2016-08-30, 11:36
- Biological complexity: one receptor, two T cells -
David Turell,
2016-08-30, 18:58
- Biological complexity: one receptor, two T cells -
dhw,
2016-08-31, 13:06
- Biological complexity: one receptor, two T cells - David Turell, 2016-08-31, 18:21
- Biological complexity: one receptor, two T cells -
dhw,
2016-08-31, 13:06
- Biological complexity: one receptor, two T cells -
David Turell,
2016-08-30, 18:58
- Biological complexity: one receptor, two results -
David Turell,
2016-09-02, 19:09
- Biological complexity: respiratory mitochondrial form -
David Turell,
2016-09-06, 19:20
- Biological complexity: how cells attach or repel -
David Turell,
2016-09-06, 20:40
- Biological complexity: how cells remove garbage -
David Turell,
2016-09-14, 23:57
- Biological complexity: sensory receptors everywhere -
David Turell,
2016-09-16, 15:40
- Biological complexity: automatic molecular switches -
David Turell,
2016-09-19, 18:52
- Biological complexity: automatic neuron controls -
David Turell,
2016-09-22, 14:54
- Biological complexity: tracking DNA/RNA activity: -
David Turell,
2016-10-03, 14:37
- Biological complexity: Nitrogen fixing -
David Turell,
2016-10-05, 15:26
- Biological complexity: 60 million proteins in a cell -
David Turell,
2016-10-06, 02:32
- Biological complexity: Using micro-nutrient Selenium -
David Turell,
2016-10-06, 18:38
- Biological complexity: Sodium levels and thirst controls -
David Turell,
2016-10-09, 01:53
- Biological complexity: engulfing photosynthesis -
David Turell,
2016-10-10, 20:22
- Biological complexity: evolution of mammalian pregnancy -
David Turell,
2016-10-15, 01:47
- Biological complexity: circadian muscle oxygen use -
David Turell,
2016-10-21, 18:37
- Biological complexity:plants sense light and temperature -
David Turell,
2016-10-28, 00:33
- Biological complexity: how cell structure functions -
David Turell,
2016-11-06, 00:38
- Biological complexity: how cell structure functions -
dhw,
2016-11-06, 13:52
- Biological complexity: how cell structure functions - David Turell, 2016-11-06, 15:02
- Biological complexity: how cell structure functions -
dhw,
2016-11-06, 13:52
- Biological complexity: breathing controls -
David Turell,
2016-11-09, 17:38
- Biological complexity: blood vessel controls -
David Turell,
2016-11-11, 01:29
- Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
David Turell,
2016-11-11, 22:59
- Biological complexity: describing the nuclear pore - David Turell, 2016-11-12, 20:26
- Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
David Turell,
2016-11-13, 00:10
- dhw: Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
dhw,
2016-11-13, 13:21
- dhw: Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
David Turell,
2016-11-13, 15:59
- Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
dhw,
2016-11-14, 12:01
- Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
David Turell,
2016-11-14, 17:32
- Biological complexity: complex glucose controls -
David Turell,
2016-11-14, 18:34
- Biological complexity: automatic cellular switches - David Turell, 2016-11-15, 00:00
- Biological complexity: complex glucose controls - David Turell, 2019-08-16, 19:00
- Biological complexity: controlled cell death - David Turell, 2019-02-11, 17:22
- Biological complexity: complex glucose controls -
David Turell,
2016-11-14, 18:34
- Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
David Turell,
2016-11-14, 17:32
- Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
dhw,
2016-11-14, 12:01
- dhw: Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
David Turell,
2016-11-13, 15:59
- dhw: Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
dhw,
2016-11-13, 13:21
- Biological complexity: how stressed bacteria go dormant -
David Turell,
2016-11-11, 22:59
- Biological complexity: blood vessel controls -
David Turell,
2016-11-11, 01:29
- Biological complexity: how cell structure functions -
David Turell,
2016-11-06, 00:38
- Biological complexity:plants sense light and temperature -
David Turell,
2016-10-28, 00:33
- Biological complexity:pregnancy alters immunity - David Turell, 2017-09-02, 19:35
- Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
David Turell,
2019-11-30, 22:35
- Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
dhw,
2019-12-01, 08:52
- Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
David Turell,
2019-12-01, 14:41
- DAVID: Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
dhw,
2019-12-02, 13:41
- DAVID: Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
David Turell,
2019-12-02, 14:42
- DAVID: Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
dhw,
2019-12-03, 10:43
- DAVID: Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war - David Turell, 2019-12-03, 16:19
- DAVID: Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
dhw,
2019-12-03, 10:43
- DAVID: Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
David Turell,
2019-12-02, 14:42
- DAVID: Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
dhw,
2019-12-02, 13:41
- Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
David Turell,
2019-12-01, 14:41
- Biological complexity: mammalian pregnancy is a war -
dhw,
2019-12-01, 08:52
- Biological complexity: circadian muscle oxygen use -
David Turell,
2016-10-21, 18:37
- Biological complexity:photosynthesis not understood -
David Turell,
2016-11-21, 20:59
- Biological complexity:one enzyme two hormones -
David Turell,
2016-11-23, 22:23
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-11-25, 01:15
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
dhw,
2016-11-25, 12:21
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-11-25, 15:44
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
dhw,
2016-11-26, 13:03
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-11-26, 15:39
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
dhw,
2016-11-29, 11:26
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-11-29, 19:16
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
dhw,
2016-11-30, 12:16
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-11-30, 15:29
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
dhw,
2016-12-01, 13:05
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-12-01, 18:57
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
dhw,
2016-12-02, 10:47
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
David Turell,
2016-12-03, 01:00
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
dhw,
2016-12-03, 13:59
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
David Turell,
2016-12-03, 14:59
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
dhw,
2016-12-04, 12:23
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
David Turell,
2016-12-04, 17:43
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
dhw,
2016-12-05, 14:09
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
David Turell,
2016-12-05, 17:51
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
dhw,
2016-12-06, 10:22
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
dhw,
2016-12-06, 10:22
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
David Turell,
2016-12-05, 17:51
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
dhw,
2016-12-05, 14:09
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
David Turell,
2016-12-04, 17:43
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
dhw,
2016-12-04, 12:23
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
David Turell,
2016-12-03, 14:59
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
dhw,
2016-12-03, 13:59
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
David Turell,
2016-12-03, 01:00
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parasitizes -
dhw,
2016-12-02, 10:47
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-12-01, 18:57
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
dhw,
2016-12-01, 13:05
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-11-30, 15:29
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
dhw,
2016-11-30, 12:16
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-11-29, 19:16
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
dhw,
2016-11-29, 11:26
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-11-26, 15:39
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
dhw,
2016-11-26, 13:03
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-11-25, 15:44
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
dhw,
2016-11-25, 12:21
- Biological complexity:how toxoplasmosis parastizes -
David Turell,
2016-11-25, 01:15
- Biological complexity:one enzyme two hormones -
David Turell,
2016-11-23, 22:23
- Biological complexity: evolution of mammalian pregnancy -
David Turell,
2016-10-15, 01:47
- Biological complexity: engulfing photosynthesis -
David Turell,
2016-10-10, 20:22
- Biological complexity: Sodium levels and thirst controls -
David Turell,
2016-10-09, 01:53
- Biological complexity: Using micro-nutrient Selenium -
David Turell,
2016-10-06, 18:38
- Biological complexity: 60 million proteins in a cell -
David Turell,
2016-10-06, 02:32
- Biological complexity: Nitrogen fixing -
David Turell,
2016-10-05, 15:26
- Biological complexity: tracking DNA/RNA activity: -
David Turell,
2016-10-03, 14:37
- Biological complexity: automatic neuron controls -
David Turell,
2016-09-22, 14:54
- Biological complexity: automatic molecular switches -
David Turell,
2016-09-19, 18:52
- Biological complexity: sensory receptors everywhere -
David Turell,
2016-09-16, 15:40
- Biological complexity: how cells remove garbage -
David Turell,
2016-09-14, 23:57
- Biological complexity: how cells attach or repel -
David Turell,
2016-09-06, 20:40
- Biological complexity: respiratory mitochondrial form -
David Turell,
2016-09-06, 19:20
- Biological complexity: one receptor, two T cells -
dhw,
2016-08-30, 11:36
- Biological complexity: one receptor, two T cells -
David Turell,
2016-08-29, 15:54
- Biological complexity: how vitamin A enters a cell -
David Turell,
2016-08-25, 20:08
- Biological complexity: how nucleus holds it shape -
David Turell,
2016-08-22, 20:09
- Biological complexity: intracellular protein delivery -
David Turell,
2016-08-20, 16:25
- Biological complexity: intracellular protein delivery -
dhw,
2016-08-20, 12:06
- Biological complexity: immune cell stem cell cooperation -
David Turell,
2016-07-08, 15:21
- Biological complexity: cell communication controls -
David Turell,
2016-07-05, 18:21
- Biological complexity: automatic breathing controls -
David Turell,
2016-07-05, 18:07
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-02, 12:27
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-06-01, 21:22
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-06-01, 13:04
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-31, 13:23
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-30, 14:50
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-30, 09:14
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-29, 15:17
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-29, 13:34
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-28, 21:48
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-28, 11:43
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-27, 18:52
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-27, 13:04
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-26, 22:25
- Biological complexity: how we smell odors -
David Turell,
2016-05-26, 15:53
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-26, 01:40
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-25, 12:56
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-24, 20:16
- Biological complexity: red cell enzyme activity -
David Turell,
2016-05-23, 15:48
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-23, 15:32
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-23, 12:53
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-22, 21:48
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-22, 17:54
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-21, 15:35
- Biological complexity: finding Nucleolus functions -
David Turell,
2016-05-20, 22:21
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-20, 20:26
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-20, 13:17
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-19, 22:54
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-19, 12:42
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-18, 11:45
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-17, 22:03
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-17, 11:50
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-16, 17:39
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-16, 15:58
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-15, 20:02
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-15, 17:46
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
David Turell,
2016-05-14, 14:03
- Biological complexity: protozoa sans mitochondria -
dhw,
2016-05-14, 10:27
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
dhw,
2016-05-13, 12:32
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
David Turell,
2016-05-13, 00:12
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
David Turell,
2016-05-11, 15:33
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
dhw,
2016-05-11, 13:02
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
David Turell,
2016-05-10, 18:26
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
dhw,
2016-05-10, 16:45
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
David Turell,
2016-05-09, 19:12
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
dhw,
2016-05-09, 13:13
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
David Turell,
2016-05-08, 15:26
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
dhw,
2016-05-08, 13:01
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
David Turell,
2016-05-07, 15:11
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
dhw,
2016-05-07, 11:39
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
David Turell,
2016-05-06, 15:53
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
dhw,
2016-05-06, 13:07
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
David Turell,
2016-05-05, 15:43
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
dhw,
2016-05-05, 12:19
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
David Turell,
2016-05-04, 16:23
- Biological complexity: photosynthesis -
David Turell,
2016-02-27, 15:32
- Biological complexity: more cell pore complexity -
David Turell,
2016-02-24, 21:53
- Biological complexity: building celllular microtubules -
David Turell,
2016-02-11, 20:40
- Biological complexity: how heart mucle works -
David Turell,
2016-02-09, 00:35
- Biological complexity: cell molecular communication -
David Turell,
2016-01-31, 15:30
- Biological complexity: cell molecular communication -
dhw,
2016-01-31, 13:12
- Biological complexity: cell molecular communication -
David Turell,
2016-01-30, 14:22
- Biological complexity: cell molecular communication -
dhw,
2016-01-30, 13:36
- Biological complexity: cell molecular communication -
David Turell,
2016-01-29, 18:30
- Biological complexity: cell molecular communication -
dhw,
2016-01-29, 13:44
- Biological complexity: cell molecular communication -
David Turell,
2016-01-28, 19:08
- Biological complexity: cell molecular communication -
dhw,
2016-01-28, 18:15
- Biological complexity: cell molecular communication -
David Turell,
2016-01-27, 18:29
- Biological complexity: ion channels -
David Turell,
2016-01-18, 22:07
- Biological complexity: evolution of ion exchange pathways -
David Turell,
2015-07-27, 15:23
- Biological complexity: metabolic gene controls -
David Turell,
2015-07-25, 15:46
- Biological complexity: cell division chromosome actions -
David Turell,
2015-07-13, 18:48
- Biological complexity: vesicle membranes -
David Turell,
2015-07-10, 16:00
- Biological complexity: regulating metabolism -
David Turell,
2015-06-22, 19:40
- Biological complexity: nucler pores -
David Turell,
2015-06-06, 20:28
- Biological complexity: bacteria fight viruses -
David Turell,
2015-04-20, 14:38
- Biological complexity: the cell, a video animation -
David Turell,
2015-04-17, 15:54
- Biological complexity -
David Turell,
2013-11-15, 14:45