Introducing the brain: different DNA forms make memory (Introduction)

by David Turell , Sunday, April 21, 2024, 23:37 (214 days ago) @ David Turell

DNA in three dimensions can be in many shapes:

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-04-dynamic-dna-formation-memory.html

"An international collaborative research team, including scientists from UQ's Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), has discovered a novel mechanism underlying memory involving rapid changes in a specific DNA structure.

"The team found that G-quadraplex DNA (G4-DNA) accumulates in neurons and dynamically controls the activation and repression of genes underlying long-term memory formation.

"In addition, using advanced CRISPR-based gene editing technology, the team revealed the causal mechanism underlying the regulation of G4-DNA in the brain, which involves site-directed deposition of the DNA helicase, DHX36.

"The new study, published in the Journal of Neuroscience, provides the first evidence that G4-DNA is present in neurons and functionally involved in the expression of different memory states.

***

"QBI's Professor Tim Bredy explains that DNA can assume a variety of conformational states that are functionally important for cellular processes.

"'DNA topology is much more dynamic than the static, right-hand double helix, as presumed by most researchers in the field," said Professor Bredy. (my bold)

"'There are actually more than 20 different DNA structure states identified to date, each potentially serving a different role in the regulation of gene expression."

***

"G4-DNA transiently accumulates in active neurons during learning. The formation of this quadraplex structure takes place over milliseconds or minutes, at the same rate of neuronal transcription in response to an experience.

"The G4-DNA structure can therefore be involved in both the enhanced and impairment of transcription in active neurons, based on their activity, to enable different memory states.

"This mechanism highlights how DNA dynamically responds to experience and suggest that it has the capacity to store information not just in its code or epigenetically, but structurally too.

"The extinction of conditioned fear is a behavioral adaptation that is critical for survival. Fear extinction relies on forming new long-term memories with similar environmental elements, to compete with and take over the fear-related memory.

"The formation of long-lasting extinction memories depends on coordinated changes in gene expression.

"Professor Bredy said it is now evident that activity-induced gene expression underlying extinction is a tightly coordinated process.

"This process is dependent on temporal interactions between the transcriptional machinery and a variety of DNA structures, including G4-DNA, rather than being determined solely by DNA sequence or DNA modification as so often has been presumed.

"'This discovery extends our understanding of how DNA functions as a highly dynamic transcriptional control device in learning and memory.'"

Comment: That DNA plays so many roles in different forms, helps explain why we are controlled by so few genes. 3-D forms play many coded roles, based on each type of new form it takes.