Evolution: the speed of adaptations (Evolution)

by David Turell , Tuesday, September 10, 2024, 16:49 (72 days ago) @ David Turell

Can be very quick:

https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/evolution/how-fast-does-evolution-happen?utm_t...

"First, let's define evolution, which is the process by which a species' genes or physical appearance changes gradually over time. The driving force is natural selection, in which individuals with more beneficial traits survive and reproduce, sending those traits to the next generation. Over many generations, this is known as adaptive evolution.

"Combined, natural selection and adaptive evolution allow a "species to track changes in its environment," said Timothée Bonnet, an evolutionary biologist at the French National Center for Scientific Research and La Rochelle University.

"In the famous example of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands, different species evolved different beak shapes and sizes within a few decades to specialize in feeding on different types of nuts and insects. This finding made waves following the publication of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book, "The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time" (Knopf, 1994).

"Then, there's a third component: speciation. This is when one species branches off into two distinct species over time. Bonnet said this happens much more slowly than adaptive evolution. (my bold)

"By the early to mid-20th century, scientists realized that evolution can happen much more quickly than Darwin ever thought by using the theory of natural selection to make crops more palatable in as few as seven years and domesticate dogs over a few generations. "We made evolution happen," Bonnet told Live Science. "We could see that the change happening at this scale of a few generations (can) be quite dramatic."

***

"Bonnet and an international team of researchers analyzed decades of genetic data for 19 bird and mammal species. They found that the rate of adaptive evolution was two to four times faster than previous estimates. More specifically, each generation increased its survival and reproduction by 18.5%, on average, under completely stable conditions.

"This means that if survival and reproduction decreased by a third, adaptive evolution would help a population recover in three to seven generations. Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) evolved horns that were 0.7 inches (2 centimeters) shorter than before over 20 years, or three generations, because hunters had targeted those with larger horns. Snow voles (Chionomys nivalis) shrank by up to 0.1 ounces (3 grams) over 10 years, or eight generations, probably because of changes in snowfall.

***

"'Rates of evolution can be fantastically fast because of that constant environmental change," Michael Benton, a vertebrate paleontologist at the University of Bristol, told Live Science. But "the shorter the time scale, the faster the rate, and this is after you have corrected for time," he added.

"Stroud and his colleagues at the University of Miami are now using nonnative green iguanas as a case study for rapid evolution. The warm-adapted lizards are known to freeze and fall out of trees during Miami's infrequent cold snaps.

"'What we saw is that some die, but some survive — and the ones that survive can actually tolerate colder temperatures than the ones we measured before," Stroud said. "So it suggests that evolution might be happening."

"The fossil record holds some clues, too. In the Triassic period (251.9 million to 201.3 million years ago), after the Permian extinction, large marine reptiles called ichthyosaurs evolved to be gigantic in less than 3 million years — more quickly than whales did — because they became the ocean's top predators.

"Factors such as adjusting to new conditions, filling new niches, evading predators and competing with other animals often increase how quickly an animal can evolve, Benton said."

Comment: to think clearly about evolution do not confuse adaptive evolution with speciation. Adaptations can occur very quickly as the article shows. Note my bold. Speciation takes extended time. We currently find species new to us, but we do not see speciation in action, and do not know how it works.