Immunity system complexity: RNA guides T cells (Introduction)
RNA outside on cell surfaces call for T cell actions:
https://www.the-scientist.com/cell-surface-rna-helps-neutrophils-get-around-71758?utm_c...
"...when RNA molecules were detected on the surface of several cell types, researchers wondered what purpose they might serve. A recent study has revealed one of their functions: mobilizing immune cells to inflamed tissue.
"Published last month in Cell, a Yale University team led by geneticist Jun Lu and pharmacologist Dianqing Wu described how cell surface RNA helps neutrophils latch onto endothelial cells and infiltrate tissue. Removing the molecules prevents the immune cells from reaching inflammatory sites in mice, highlighting their role in the immune system’s response to potential threats.
***
"Proof of cell-surface RNAs first came to light in 2020, when they were detected on immune cells in human blood.2 The following year, Bertozzi’s group found the molecules littering the surface of cancer cells and stem cells, where they are welded to a sugar chain.3 Like glycoproteins and glycolipids, this new category of molecule, christened glycoRNAs, appeared to bind to immune receptors, pointing to potential immunoregulatory functions.
"When Lu came across these papers, he responded with a healthy dose of skepticism. After all, he reasoned that any exposed RNA should be torn apart by RNases, RNA-degrading enzymes that roam the blood plasma.
***
"His team began by using a chemical marker called biotin to label any sugar chains present on the neutrophil surface, tagging glycoproteins, glycolipids, and—potentially—glycoRNAs. Without rupturing the cell membrane, they purified RNA from labeled cells and then applied RNase at concentrations far higher than typically found in the human body. If the enzyme diminished the biotin signal, some sugars on the cells must be bound to extracellular RNA. To Lu’s surprise, the signal vanished, confirming the presence of glycoRNAs on the cell surface.
"If glycoRNAs share similar functions to glycoproteins and glycolipids, they may help immune cells reach inflammatory sites. To test this, the researchers dyed some neutrophils red and degraded their extracellular glycoRNAs using RNase. They labeled other neutrophils green but left their surface RNAs intact. After injecting the dyed cells into a mouse that had abdominal inflammation, Lu’s team found that the cells lacking glycoRNAs were less likely to reach the stomach.
"To infiltrate tissue, neutrophils must first latch onto exterior cells and then traverse through several cell layers. Lu wondered whether glycoRNAs contributed to both stages of this process, so his team placed neutrophils on one side of a cultured endothelial layer and a chemoattractant on the other. Immune cells lacking glycoRNAs showed less adhesion and reduced migration through the cell layer in vitro. Without the endothelial barrier, the cells migrated normally, suggesting that glycoRNAs do not affect cell mobility.
"To uncover how neutrophil glycoRNAs mediate attachment to endothelial cells, the researchers split the molecule into its sugar and RNA components. Saturating the same cell culture system with glycans blocked the immune cells from migrating through the endothelial layer, while RNA saturation had no effect. The findings suggested that—in a similar manner to other glycoconjugates—the glycan portion latches onto endothelial cells, while the RNA tethers the sugar to the membrane.
***
"After culturing the cells together for three days, the team detected the chemical tags on only green cells, suggesting that the RNA is produced in-house rather than transferred from the external environment.
"Sequencing the glycoRNA molecules turned up hits for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and small nucleolar RNAs, suggesting that they may be repurposed fragments of noncoding nucleic acids. Yet the rules that determine which bits of RNA end up on the membrane, and how they are protected from degradation, are unclear."
Comment: T cells need to be guided to spots requiring inflammation. That RNA's are freely acting as chaperons is an amazing finding. The group of various RNAs are truly the workhorses of the genome. DNA is an inert code until activated by RNA actions.
Complete thread:
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
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- Immunity system complexity: T cells identify self, non- self -
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- Immunity system complexity: T cells identify self, non- self -
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- Immunity system complexity: T cells identify self, non- self -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity: T cell gene control -
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2020-07-24, 00:41
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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- Immunity system complexity -
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2020-06-16, 21:07
- Immunity system complexity: Devonian immune genes -
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- Immunity system complexity: neutrophiles and heavy traffic -
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2020-06-08, 15:37
- Immunity system complexity: neutrophiles and heavy traffic -
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- Immunity system complexity: neutrophiles and heavy traffic -
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- Immunity system complexity: neutrophiles and heavy traffic -
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2020-06-07, 10:30
- Immunity system complexity: neutrophiles and heavy traffic -
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- Immunity system complexity: APRIL protein necessaryl -
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2021-07-22, 15:20
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2021-07-22, 15:20
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2022-05-20, 22:51
- Immunity system complexity: T cell maintenance -
David Turell,
2022-05-28, 18:51
- Immunity system complexity: B & T cell training -
David Turell,
2022-06-01, 19:54
- Immunity system complexity: special brain coverage -
David Turell,
2022-06-02, 00:26
- Immunity system complexity: how bacterial ssytem works -
David Turell,
2022-06-02, 20:10
- Immunity system complexity: glia cells everywhere -
David Turell,
2022-06-03, 19:25
- Immunity system complexity: specialized corneal T cells -
David Turell,
2022-06-06, 20:08
- Immunity system complexity: spe cial lung cells - David Turell, 2022-06-15, 17:07
- Immunity system complexity: how E coli fights our system -
David Turell,
2022-08-10, 22:45
- Immunity system complexity: more on T cell controls -
David Turell,
2022-08-15, 22:21
- Immunity system complexity: spotting attackers -
David Turell,
2022-08-22, 17:30
- Immunity system complexity: spotting attackers in bacterias -
David Turell,
2022-09-02, 19:40
- Immunity system complexity: keeping T cells ageless -
David Turell,
2022-09-15, 18:36
- Immunity system complexity: keeping fungus at bay -
David Turell,
2022-09-21, 17:52
- Immunity system complexity: aging T cells don't fade away -
David Turell,
2022-09-22, 01:12
- Immunity system complexity: aging T cells don't fade away -
David Turell,
2022-09-23, 18:17
- Immunity system complexity: early evolution -
David Turell,
2022-09-27, 21:21
- Immunity system complexity: superchargng T cells -
David Turell,
2022-12-23, 01:32
- Immunity system complexity: ramping up B cells -
David Turell,
2022-12-23, 18:43
- Immunity system complexity: ramping up B cells -
David Turell,
2022-12-24, 15:44
- Immunity system complexity: supporting T cells. -
David Turell,
2023-01-13, 18:26
- Immunity system complexity: T cells. support neurons -
David Turell,
2023-01-14, 15:48
- Immunity system complexity: innate and secondary -
David Turell,
2023-01-19, 22:15
- Immunity system complexity: innate and secondary -
David Turell,
2023-01-21, 19:49
- Immunity system complexity: control of reactions -
David Turell,
2023-02-03, 18:25
- Immunity system complexity: detecting infections - David Turell, 2023-02-05, 22:28
- Immunity system complexity: control of reactions -
David Turell,
2023-02-03, 18:25
- Immunity system complexity: innate and secondary -
David Turell,
2023-01-21, 19:49
- Immunity system complexity: innate and secondary -
David Turell,
2023-01-19, 22:15
- Immunity system complexity: T cells. support neurons -
David Turell,
2023-01-14, 15:48
- Immunity system complexity: supporting T cells. -
David Turell,
2023-01-13, 18:26
- Immunity system complexity: ramping up B cells -
David Turell,
2022-12-24, 15:44
- Immunity system complexity: ramping up B cells -
David Turell,
2022-12-23, 18:43
- Immunity system complexity: superchargng T cells -
David Turell,
2022-12-23, 01:32
- Immunity system complexity: early evolution -
David Turell,
2022-09-27, 21:21
- Immunity system complexity: aging T cells don't fade away -
David Turell,
2022-09-23, 18:17
- Immunity system complexity: aging T cells don't fade away -
David Turell,
2022-09-22, 01:12
- Immunity system complexity: keeping fungus at bay -
David Turell,
2022-09-21, 17:52
- Immunity system complexity: keeping T cells ageless -
David Turell,
2022-09-15, 18:36
- Immunity system complexity: spotting attackers in bacterias -
David Turell,
2022-09-02, 19:40
- Immunity system complexity: spotting attackers -
David Turell,
2022-08-22, 17:30
- Immunity system complexity: more on T cell controls -
David Turell,
2022-08-15, 22:21
- Immunity system complexity: specialized corneal T cells -
David Turell,
2022-06-06, 20:08
- Immunity system complexity: glia cells everywhere -
David Turell,
2022-06-03, 19:25
- Immunity system complexity: how bacterial ssytem works -
David Turell,
2022-06-02, 20:10
- Immunity system complexity: special brain coverage -
David Turell,
2022-06-02, 00:26
- Immunity system complexity: B & T cell training -
David Turell,
2022-06-01, 19:54
- Immunity system complexity: T cell maintenance -
David Turell,
2022-05-28, 18:51
- Immunity system complexity: T cell differentiating daughters -
David Turell,
2022-05-20, 22:51
- Immunity system complexity: T cell differentiating enemies -
David Turell,
2022-05-20, 17:20
- Immunity system complexity: a B cell is found, new -
David Turell,
2022-05-13, 17:54
- Immunity system complexity: macrophage spread -
David Turell,
2022-04-23, 19:47
- Immunity system complexity: T c ell activity -
David Turell,
2022-04-16, 20:36
- Immunity system complexity: protecting the brain -
David Turell,
2022-03-17, 14:07
- Immunity system complexity: telling self from non-self -
David Turell,
2022-02-15, 17:35
- Immunity system complexity: innate immunity at work -
David Turell,
2023-01-28, 17:49
- Immunity system complexity:innate immunity NK cells at work -
David Turell,
2023-02-10, 18:53
- Immunity system complexity: transfers at birth - David Turell, 2023-02-13, 19:46
- Immunity system complexity:innate immunity NK cells at work -
David Turell,
2023-02-10, 18:53
- Immunity system complexity: how chlamydia escapes detection -
David Turell,
2023-02-23, 18:12
- Immunity system complexity: how B cells recognize antigens -
David Turell,
2023-03-10, 20:46
- Immunity system complexity: control dangerous bugs in gut -
David Turell,
2023-03-13, 22:53
- Immunity system complexity: gasdermin-B reviewed -
David Turell,
2023-03-30, 18:45
- Immunity system complexity: sentinel cell activation -
David Turell,
2023-03-31, 23:37
- Immunity system complexity: the role of IgA -
David Turell,
2023-05-30, 17:20
- Immunity system complexity: triggering inflammation -
David Turell,
2023-06-17, 18:22
- Immunity system complexity: fungal spore defense -
David Turell,
2023-06-21, 02:54
- Immunity system complexity: cellular viral defenses -
David Turell,
2023-06-28, 19:59
- Immunity system complexity: neutrophile activation -
David Turell,
2023-06-30, 17:59
- Immunity system complexity: skin protections -
David Turell,
2023-07-04, 15:16
- Immunity system complexity: triggering protein -
David Turell,
2023-07-26, 22:11
- Immunity system complexity: the brain's involvement -
David Turell,
2023-07-27, 18:36
- Immunity system complexity: new T cell triggers -
David Turell,
2023-08-19, 16:40
- Immunity system complexity: special T cells im cornea -
David Turell,
2023-08-23, 19:39
- Immunity system complexity: T cell triggers to fight cancer -
David Turell,
2023-09-30, 18:48
- Immunity system complexity: protecting pregnancy -
David Turell,
2023-11-14, 22:38
- Immunity system complexity: how bacteria fight phages -
David Turell,
2023-11-15, 19:30
- Immunity system complexity: how lipids help -
David Turell,
2023-11-27, 20:22
- Immunity system complexity: more B cell functions -
David Turell,
2023-11-27, 21:02
- Immunity system complexity: why fever -
David Turell,
2023-11-28, 19:27
- Immunity system complexity: bacterial molecular attacks -
David Turell,
2023-12-12, 18:42
- Immunity system complexity: response to flu vacines -
David Turell,
2023-12-22, 16:12
- Immunity system complexity: specialized T cells -
David Turell,
2023-12-29, 00:48
- Immunity system complexity: specialized T cells -
David Turell,
2024-01-03, 16:35
- Immunity system complexity: preventing kidney stones -
David Turell,
2024-01-08, 17:51
- Immunity system complexity: gut immune cells imporrtance -
David Turell,
2024-01-09, 15:42
- Immunity system complexity: production at high speed -
David Turell,
2024-01-12, 18:30
- Immunity system complexity: killer T cells promote repair -
David Turell,
2024-01-16, 20:40
- Immunity system complexity: helps digest chitin -
David Turell,
2024-01-17, 17:27
- Immunity system complexity: bacterial spears -
David Turell,
2024-01-18, 18:25
- Immunity system complexity: bacterial spears -
David Turell,
2024-01-18, 18:26
- Immunity system complexity: RNA guiding neutrophiles -
David Turell,
2024-01-22, 18:24
- Immunity system complexity: a new function of B cells -
David Turell,
2024-02-10, 20:20
- Immunity system complexity: guiding cells to infections -
David Turell,
2024-02-18, 19:18
- Immunity system complexity: T cells to attack or not -
David Turell,
2024-03-10, 20:31
- Immunity system complexity: RNA guides T cells -
David Turell,
2024-04-02, 17:55
- Immunity system complexity: pre-programmed T cells -
David Turell,
2024-06-07, 14:30
- Immunity system complexity: a functional DNA fragment -
David Turell,
2024-06-10, 17:18
- Immunity system complexity: controls of cell death -
David Turell,
2024-06-16, 22:15
- Immunity system complexity: brain stem controls -
David Turell,
2024-06-19, 18:11
- Immunity system complexity: special T cells in brain -
David Turell,
2024-09-04, 19:44
- Immunity system complexity: thanks to Asgard Archaea -
David Turell,
2024-09-08, 17:05
- Immunity system complexity: DNA hunts pathogens -
David Turell,
2024-09-22, 17:13
- Immunity system complexity: macrophages repair lungs - David Turell, 2024-10-09, 17:59
- Immunity system complexity: DNA hunts pathogens -
David Turell,
2024-09-22, 17:13
- Immunity system complexity: thanks to Asgard Archaea -
David Turell,
2024-09-08, 17:05
- Immunity system complexity: special T cells in brain -
David Turell,
2024-09-04, 19:44
- Immunity system complexity: brain stem controls -
David Turell,
2024-06-19, 18:11
- Immunity system complexity: controls of cell death -
David Turell,
2024-06-16, 22:15
- Immunity system complexity: a functional DNA fragment -
David Turell,
2024-06-10, 17:18
- Immunity system complexity: pre-programmed T cells -
David Turell,
2024-06-07, 14:30
- Immunity system complexity: RNA guides T cells -
David Turell,
2024-04-02, 17:55
- Immunity system complexity: T cells to attack or not -
David Turell,
2024-03-10, 20:31
- Immunity system complexity: guiding cells to infections -
David Turell,
2024-02-18, 19:18
- Immunity system complexity: a new function of B cells -
David Turell,
2024-02-10, 20:20
- Immunity system complexity: RNA guiding neutrophiles -
David Turell,
2024-01-22, 18:24
- Immunity system complexity: bacterial spears -
David Turell,
2024-01-18, 18:26
- Immunity system complexity: bacterial spears -
David Turell,
2024-01-18, 18:25
- Immunity system complexity: helps digest chitin -
David Turell,
2024-01-17, 17:27
- Immunity system complexity: killer T cells promote repair -
David Turell,
2024-01-16, 20:40
- Immunity system complexity: production at high speed -
David Turell,
2024-01-12, 18:30
- Immunity system complexity: gut immune cells imporrtance -
David Turell,
2024-01-09, 15:42
- Immunity system complexity: preventing kidney stones -
David Turell,
2024-01-08, 17:51
- Immunity system complexity: specialized T cells -
David Turell,
2024-01-03, 16:35
- Immunity system complexity: specialized T cells -
David Turell,
2023-12-29, 00:48
- Immunity system complexity: response to flu vacines -
David Turell,
2023-12-22, 16:12
- Immunity system complexity: bacterial molecular attacks -
David Turell,
2023-12-12, 18:42
- Immunity system complexity: why fever -
David Turell,
2023-11-28, 19:27
- Immunity system complexity: more B cell functions -
David Turell,
2023-11-27, 21:02
- Immunity system complexity: how lipids help -
David Turell,
2023-11-27, 20:22
- Immunity system complexity: how bacteria fight phages -
David Turell,
2023-11-15, 19:30
- Immunity system complexity: protecting pregnancy -
David Turell,
2023-11-14, 22:38
- Immunity system complexity: T cell triggers to fight cancer -
David Turell,
2023-09-30, 18:48
- Immunity system complexity: special T cells im cornea -
David Turell,
2023-08-23, 19:39
- Immunity system complexity: new T cell triggers -
David Turell,
2023-08-19, 16:40
- Immunity system complexity: the brain's involvement -
David Turell,
2023-07-27, 18:36
- Immunity system complexity: triggering protein -
David Turell,
2023-07-26, 22:11
- Immunity system complexity: skin protections -
David Turell,
2023-07-04, 15:16
- Immunity system complexity: neutrophile activation -
David Turell,
2023-06-30, 17:59
- Immunity system complexity: cellular viral defenses -
David Turell,
2023-06-28, 19:59
- Immunity system complexity: fungal spore defense -
David Turell,
2023-06-21, 02:54
- Immunity system complexity: triggering inflammation -
David Turell,
2023-06-17, 18:22
- Immunity system complexity: the role of IgA -
David Turell,
2023-05-30, 17:20
- Immunity system complexity: sentinel cell activation -
David Turell,
2023-03-31, 23:37
- Immunity system complexity: gasdermin-B reviewed -
David Turell,
2023-03-30, 18:45
- Immunity system complexity: control dangerous bugs in gut -
David Turell,
2023-03-13, 22:53
- Immunity system complexity: how B cells recognize antigens -
David Turell,
2023-03-10, 20:46
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
David Turell,
2023-10-25, 16:27
- Immunity system complexity: role of Vitamin D and gut biome - David Turell, 2024-07-21, 18:59
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
dhw,
2019-04-09, 08:34
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
David Turell,
2019-04-08, 15:06
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
dhw,
2019-04-08, 11:29
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
David Turell,
2019-04-07, 18:24
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
dhw,
2019-04-07, 09:38
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
David Turell,
2019-04-06, 19:51
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
dhw,
2019-04-06, 13:20
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
David Turell,
2019-04-05, 15:24
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
dhw,
2019-04-05, 09:27
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
David Turell,
2019-04-04, 15:03
- Immunity system complexity: controlling gut biome -
David Turell,
2021-10-13, 18:51
- Immunity system complexity: how T c ells kill - David Turell, 2021-10-14, 20:07
- Immunity system complexity: controlling gut biome - David Turell, 2022-02-28, 19:31
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
dhw,
2019-04-04, 12:21
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
David Turell,
2019-04-03, 17:52
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
dhw,
2019-04-03, 12:57
- Immunity system complexity: B cell controls - David Turell, 2021-09-23, 18:05
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
David Turell,
2019-04-02, 14:57
- Immunity system complexity: trained reactions in non-immune - David Turell, 2021-07-27, 19:24
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
dhw,
2019-04-02, 10:45
- Immunity system complexity: red cells are a part of it -
David Turell,
2021-10-21, 16:13
- Immunity system complexity: viruses fight our immunity -
David Turell,
2022-10-26, 00:08
- Immunity system complexity: viruses fight bat immunity -
David Turell,
2022-11-24, 17:17
- Immunity system complexity: viruses fight with CRISPR - David Turell, 2022-11-24, 19:48
- Immunity system complexity: viruses fight bat immunity -
David Turell,
2022-11-24, 17:17
- Immunity system complexity: viruses fight our immunity -
David Turell,
2022-10-26, 00:08
- Immunity system complexity: how T cells are triggered -
David Turell,
2019-04-01, 20:04
- Immunity system complexity -
David Turell,
2019-02-15, 01:42
- Immunity in humans; Bad antibodies are really good -
David Turell,
2018-04-20, 19:45
- Immunity in humans; fetal development -
David Turell,
2017-06-15, 18:45
- Immunity in humans; long term immunity from plasma cells -
David Turell,
2017-02-21, 21:45
- Immunity in humans; fungus protections are innate -
David Turell,
2016-12-20, 00:30