Immunity system complexity: response to low oxygenation (Introduction)

by David Turell , Saturday, May 25, 2019, 20:35 (2008 days ago) @ David Turell

The macrophages lower the citrate cycle, depraving bacteria of nutrient:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190524081644.htm

"Infected tissue has a low concentration of oxygen. The body's standard immune mechanisms, which rely on oxygen, can then only function to a limited extent. How does the immune system nevertheless manage to control bacteria under such conditions? Researchers have discovered that fewer metabolites are produced in the citric acid cycle under hypoxic conditions, leading to a reduced rate of reproduction among bacteria in macrophages.

"Infected tissue has a low concentration of oxygen. The body's standard immune mechanisms, which rely on oxygen, can then only function to a limited extent. How does the immune system nevertheless manage to control bacteria under such conditions? ..... The researchers discovered that fewer metabolites are produced in the citric acid cycle under hypoxic conditions, leading to a reduced rate of reproduction among bacteria in macrophages.

"Macrophages are a type of phagocyte and belong to the congenital immune system, where they have a key role to play in defending against infection by intracellular pathogens such as those which cause tuberculosis, Legionnaires' disease or Q fever. The team of researchers observed changes in the mitochondrial metabolism of the macrophages caused by signalling pathways initiated by the lack of oxygen (hypoxia). This leads to a reduction in various metabolites in the citric acid cycle, especially citrate. This in turn prevents bacteria reproduction, as citrate is an essential growth factor for certain bacteria. 'Our results describe a method of pathogen control which does not depend on oxygen and which we were not aware of until now,' explains Prof. Jantsch from Universität Regensburg. FAU scientist PD Dr. Lührmann adds: 'The pharmacological influence of these signalling pathways opens up new opportunities for fighting infectious diseases.'"

Comment: Macrophages are the garbage collector of the body, and another arm of the immune system. When multicellular forms were evolved, this group of cells had to be present to help prevent infection. Not by chance, but by design.