Genome complexity: irreducibly complex sperm cells (Introduction)
They have to be designed:
https://evolutionnews.org/2023/06/on-the-irreducible-complexity-of-sperm-cells/
"The head carries densely coiled chromatin fibers, containing the haploid genome — totaling half of the genetic material that will be inherited by the next generation (the other half will come from the mother’s egg cell). The tight packaging of the DNA serves to minimize its volume for transport.
"On the tip of the sperm head is a membranous organelle, called the acrosome, that contains various hydrolytic enzymes. When these are secreted, they digest the egg cell membrane, thereby facilitating penetration of the ovum. Without the acrosome, the sperm cell will be unable to penetrate the egg cell membrane to fertilize the ovum.
"When a sperm reaches the vicinity of the egg, it undergoes a series of molecular interactions with the zona pellucida, which is a specialized extracellular matrix surrounding the egg. Specific receptors on the sperm’s plasma membrane, such as spermadhesins or integrins, recognize and bind to corresponding ligands on the zona pellucida. This binding triggers the activation of signaling pathways in the sperm. Binding of the sperm receptors to the zona pellucida ligands leads to an influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the sperm cell. This calcium influx is typically mediated by ion channels or receptors on the sperm’s plasma membrane, which are activated upon ligand-receptor binding. The increase in intracellular calcium levels initiates a signaling cascade within the sperm cell. Calcium ions act as second messengers and trigger the activation of various downstream signaling molecules and enzymes, including protein kinases. As a result of the calcium-mediated signaling cascade, the acrosome undergoes exocytosis. The membrane surrounding the acrosome fuses with the sperm’s plasma membrane, causing the release of the acrosomal contents, including enzymes such as hyaluronidase and acrosin. The enzymes released from the acrosome help degrade the glycoprotein matrix of the zona pellucida, allowing the sperm to penetrate and reach the egg’s plasma membrane. The acrosomal contents aid in the breakdown of the protective layers surrounding the egg, facilitating the fusion of the sperm and egg membranes.
"The formation of the acrosome itself is divided into four stages. The first stage, the “Golgi phase,” is dependent upon the Golgi apparatus, which produces and packages the proteins and enzymes needed for acrosome formation. These proteins are then transported into the developing acrosome vesicle. In the second phase, the “cap phase,” the Golgi-derived vesicle (known as the proacrosomal vesicle) fuses with the anterior portion of the nucleus, forming a cap-like structure over the nucleus. The fusion of the vesicle with the nucleus is mediated by membrane trafficking processes... In the final phase, the “maturation phase,” the acrosome undergoes further modifications and maturation. Enzymes within the acrosome become fully activated and the acrosomal matrix undergoes changes, becoming more condensed. The acrosomal granule, which is the central region of the acrosome, becomes highly electron-dense due to the accumulation of enzymes and proteins. The mature acrosome is now ready for its role in fertilization.
***
"The middle piece consists of a central filamentous core, around which are many strategically placed mitochondria that synthesize the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The complexity and design of energy generation within the mitochondria — including the processes of glycolysis, the citric acid (or, Krebs) cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation — could be its own series of articles.
"The ATP generated by the mitochondria energizes the power strokes of the flagellum, driving its journey through the female cervix, uterus, and uterine tubes. As such, the middle piece of the sperm cell is absolutely essential to its function of swimming through the female uterus and fallopian tube to fertilize her egg. Without the middle piece and its mitochondria, the sperm cells are completely immobile.
"Unlike a bacterial flagellum (which rotates like a motor), a sperm flagellum beats with a whip-like motion to produce motility. How does the flagellum work? In 2018, Jianfeng Lin and Daniela Nicastro elucidated the mechanism of flagellar motility.3 Their data indicated that “bending was generated by the asymmetric distribution of dynein activity on opposite sides of the flagellum”4 (dyneins are ATP-powered molecular motors that “walk” along microtubules towards their minus end). Their results also revealed that alternating flagellar bending occurs due to “a ‘switch-inhibition’ mechanism in which force imbalance is generated by inhibiting…dyneins on alternating sides of the flagellum. In other words, regulatory signals lead to the inhibition of dynein motors on one side of the flagellum. Meanwhile, on the other side, the dyneins walk along the microtubules. The flagellum bends in one direction due to molecular linkers that resist this sliding. The flagellar bending alternates by repeatedly switching the side of dynein inhibition."
Comment: the design of sexual reproduction is irreducibly complex. Much more so than simple cell splitting. Only a designing mind can create this.
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dhw,
2017-05-14, 12:20
- Genome complexity: DNA 3D layer of gene control -
David Turell,
2017-05-13, 15:26
- Genome complexity: DNA 3D domain controls - David Turell, 2017-05-18, 23:10
- Genome complexity: DNA 3D layer of gene control -
dhw,
2017-05-13, 09:38
- Genome complexity: DNA 3D layer of gene control - David Turell, 2017-11-21, 19:37
- Genome complexity: DNA 3D layer of gene control -
David Turell,
2017-05-12, 20:51
- Genome complexity: DNA 3D layer of gene control -
David Turell,
2016-09-23, 19:21
- Genome complexity: DNA 3D disease prevention -
David Turell,
2016-09-21, 00:12
- Genome complexity: DNA repair enzyme decoded -
David Turell,
2015-12-11, 19:11
- Genome complexity: DNA in 3D follows patterns -
David Turell,
2015-12-11, 18:54
- Genome complexity: patterns from the past -
David Turell,
2015-12-06, 21:32
- Genome complexity: patterns from the past -
David Turell,
2015-11-21, 17:59
- Genome complexity: DNA storage mechanisms - David Turell, 2019-04-25, 18:47
- Genome complexity: Grammar complexity -
David Turell,
2015-11-18, 15:38
- Genome complexity: DNA storage mechanisms -
David Turell,
2015-11-06, 16:02
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
BBella,
2015-10-31, 20:58
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
BBella,
2015-10-31, 20:42
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
David Turell,
2015-10-31, 20:17
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
David Turell,
2015-10-30, 03:18
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
David Turell,
2015-10-29, 21:11
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
BBella,
2015-10-29, 14:38
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
David Turell,
2015-10-28, 17:36
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
dhw,
2015-10-28, 11:47
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
David Turell,
2015-10-27, 19:18
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
dhw,
2015-10-27, 16:00
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
David Turell,
2015-10-26, 13:49
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
dhw,
2015-10-26, 11:43
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
dhw,
2015-10-25, 12:27
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
David Turell,
2015-10-24, 15:20
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
David Turell,
2015-10-23, 14:21
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
dhw,
2015-10-23, 13:58
- Genome complexity: DNA repair mechanisms -
David Turell,
2015-10-22, 13:20
- Genome complexity: passing stress reactions -
David Turell,
2015-10-20, 13:45
- Genome complexity: epigenetics and immunity -
David Turell,
2015-11-11, 16:19
- Genome complexity: review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2015-12-07, 14:39
- Genome complexity: STR's control gene expression - David Turell, 2015-12-08, 15:21
- Genome complexity: raid epigenetic changes in fish -
David Turell,
2015-12-16, 01:07
- Genome complexity: anti-hybridization gene found - David Turell, 2015-12-18, 02:16
- Genome complexity: more epigenetic coding sites found -
David Turell,
2015-12-21, 20:53
- Genome complexity: more epigenetic coding sites on RNA -
David Turell,
2016-01-04, 21:12
- Genome complexity: epigenetic responses to heat -
David Turell,
2016-01-27, 04:50
- Genome complexity: Dad's epigenetic contributions -
David Turell,
2016-01-27, 14:53
- Genome complexity: Smallest gene count for life -
David Turell,
2016-03-25, 00:28
- Genome complexity: Smallest gene count for life -
David Turell,
2016-03-25, 14:59
- Genome complexity: Smallest gene count for life -
dhw,
2016-03-26, 12:29
- Genome complexity: Smallest gene count for life -
David Turell,
2016-03-26, 14:22
- Genome complexity: Fighting viruses speeds evolution? -
David Turell,
2016-04-08, 19:30
- Genome complexity: Fighting viruses speeds evolution? -
dhw,
2016-04-09, 12:50
- Genome complexity: Fighting viruses speeds evolution? -
David Turell,
2016-04-09, 16:31
- Genome complexity: Fighting viruses speeds evolution? - dhw, 2016-04-10, 14:04
- Genome complexity: Fighting viruses speeds evolution? -
David Turell,
2016-04-09, 16:31
- Genome complexity: Fighting viruses speeds evolution? -
dhw,
2016-04-09, 12:50
- Genome complexity: Fighting viruses speeds evolution? -
David Turell,
2016-04-08, 19:30
- Genome complexity: Smallest gene count for life -
David Turell,
2016-03-26, 14:22
- Genome complexity: Smallest gene count for life -
David Turell,
2016-04-19, 21:13
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
David Turell,
2016-08-14, 23:05
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
dhw,
2016-08-15, 12:08
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
David Turell,
2016-08-15, 18:04
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
dhw,
2016-08-16, 12:27
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
David Turell,
2016-08-16, 18:21
- Genome complexity: how cells fight infection: - David Turell, 2016-08-17, 01:44
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
dhw,
2016-08-17, 12:08
- Genome complexity: transcription and DNA structure -
David Turell,
2016-09-03, 00:01
- Genome complexity: enzyme repairs broken DNA -
David Turell,
2016-09-05, 22:15
- Genome complexity: epigentic coding for cell division - David Turell, 2016-09-09, 00:02
- Genome complexity: enzyme repairs broken DNA 2 -
David Turell,
2016-09-09, 22:55
- Genome complexity: long non-coding RNA -
David Turell,
2016-09-14, 15:51
- Genome complexity: methylation control -
David Turell,
2016-09-21, 02:23
- Genome complexity: DNA repair system with p53 -
David Turell,
2016-09-26, 23:16
- Genome complexity: coding variability -
David Turell,
2016-10-14, 19:20
- Genome complexity: Explaining Crispr -
David Turell,
2016-10-22, 19:13
- Genome complexity: Enzymes repair DNA copy mistakes -
David Turell,
2016-10-25, 18:47
- Genome complexity:Spliceosome at work -
David Turell,
2016-11-03, 18:32
- Genome complexity: new enzyme found for DNA repair -
David Turell,
2016-11-04, 20:27
- Genome complexity: jumping gene activity -
David Turell,
2016-11-14, 18:56
- Genome complexity: removing epigentic marks -
David Turell,
2016-11-28, 15:32
- Genome complexity: proteins that stifle genes -
David Turell,
2016-11-29, 20:57
- Genome complexity: rescuing stalled transcription -
David Turell,
2016-12-05, 18:25
- Genome complexity: the role of miRNA's -
David Turell,
2016-12-07, 19:19
- Genome complexity: protecting DNA integrity -
David Turell,
2016-12-09, 15:00
- Genome complexity: opening 'origin DNA' -
David Turell,
2016-12-14, 01:29
- Genome complexity: epigenetic control of flowering -
David Turell,
2016-12-26, 01:44
- Genome complexity: epigenetic adaptation to drought -
David Turell,
2017-01-02, 17:21
- Genome complexity: DNA works in local regions -
David Turell,
2017-01-10, 14:00
- Genome complexity: another layer of control is found -
David Turell,
2017-01-13, 01:15
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-17, 00:35
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-17, 11:19
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-17, 20:12
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-18, 12:56
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-18, 15:16
- Genome complexity: handling replication errors - David Turell, 2017-01-19, 04:22
- Genome complexity: handling replication - David Turell, 2017-01-19, 04:23
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-19, 12:53
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-19, 14:34
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-20, 17:23
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-20, 21:13
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-21, 13:18
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-21, 15:07
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-22, 12:54
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-22, 14:55
- Genome complexity: DNA repair a saltation? -
David Turell,
2017-02-03, 01:34
- Genome complexity: ribosomes make proteins -
David Turell,
2017-02-03, 02:03
- Genome complexity: controls of stem cell outcomes -
David Turell,
2017-02-13, 20:09
- Genome complexity: newly found epigenetic controls -
David Turell,
2017-03-08, 18:54
- Genome complexity: newly found epigenetic controls - David Turell, 2017-11-20, 15:16
- Genome complexity: newly found epigenetic controls -
David Turell,
2017-03-08, 18:54
- Genome complexity: controls of stem cell outcomes -
David Turell,
2017-02-13, 20:09
- Genome complexity: ribosomes make proteins -
David Turell,
2017-02-03, 02:03
- Genome complexity: DNA repair a saltation? -
David Turell,
2017-02-03, 01:34
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-22, 14:55
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-22, 12:54
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-21, 15:07
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-21, 13:18
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-20, 21:13
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-20, 17:23
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-19, 14:34
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-18, 15:16
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-18, 12:56
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-17, 20:12
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2022-12-06, 17:09
- Genome complexity: how germ cells cut the cord - David Turell, 2022-12-06, 17:30
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
dhw,
2017-01-17, 11:19
- Genome complexity: handling replication -
David Turell,
2017-01-17, 00:35
- Genome complexity: another layer of control is found -
David Turell,
2017-01-13, 01:15
- Genome complexity: DNA works in local regions -
David Turell,
2017-01-10, 14:00
- Genome complexity: epigenetic adaptation to drought -
David Turell,
2017-01-02, 17:21
- Genome complexity: epigenetic control of flowering -
David Turell,
2016-12-26, 01:44
- Genome complexity: opening 'origin DNA' -
David Turell,
2016-12-14, 01:29
- Genome complexity: protecting DNA integrity -
David Turell,
2016-12-09, 15:00
- Genome complexity: the role of miRNA's -
David Turell,
2016-12-07, 19:19
- Genome complexity: rescuing stalled transcription -
David Turell,
2016-12-05, 18:25
- Genome complexity: proteins that stifle genes -
David Turell,
2016-11-29, 20:57
- Genome complexity: removing epigentic marks -
David Turell,
2016-11-28, 15:32
- Genome complexity: jumping gene activity -
David Turell,
2016-11-14, 18:56
- Genome complexity: new enzyme found for DNA repair -
David Turell,
2016-11-04, 20:27
- Genome complexity:Spliceosome at work -
David Turell,
2016-11-03, 18:32
- Genome complexity: Explaining Crispr -
David Turell,
2017-03-29, 23:38
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-04, 19:54
- Genome complexity: reprise of recent entries -
David Turell,
2017-04-04, 20:06
- Genome complexity: reprise of recent entries - dhw, 2017-04-05, 12:47
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-07, 15:10
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-07, 18:41
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-08, 12:50
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes - David Turell, 2017-04-08, 15:24
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
BBella,
2017-04-08, 19:35
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-09, 09:52
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes - David Turell, 2017-04-09, 14:57
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
BBella,
2017-04-09, 18:54
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-10, 11:46
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-10, 15:29
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-11, 11:57
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-11, 15:39
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-12, 10:41
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-12, 15:26
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-13, 10:10
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-13, 22:09
- Genome complexity: looping DNA to prevent knots -
David Turell,
2017-04-19, 20:44
- Genome complexity: looping DNA to prevent knots -
dhw,
2017-04-20, 13:02
- Genome complexity: looping DNA to prevent knots -
David Turell,
2017-04-20, 15:21
- Genome complexity: codes within codes? -
David Turell,
2017-04-27, 00:53
- Genome complexity: lysosome cell controls -
David Turell,
2017-04-28, 18:57
- Genome complexity: Protecting mitochondrial DNA -
David Turell,
2017-05-01, 01:21
- Genome complexity: epigenetic insect champion -
David Turell,
2017-05-02, 17:50
- Genome complexity:neurons' DNA differs from others - David Turell, 2017-05-03, 22:17
- Genome complexity: epigenetic insect champion -
David Turell,
2017-05-02, 17:50
- Genome complexity: Protecting mitochondrial DNA -
David Turell,
2017-05-01, 01:21
- Genome complexity: lysosome cell controls -
David Turell,
2017-04-28, 18:57
- Genome complexity: codes within codes? -
David Turell,
2017-04-27, 00:53
- Genome complexity: looping DNA to prevent knots -
David Turell,
2017-04-20, 15:21
- Genome complexity: looping DNA to prevent knots -
dhw,
2017-04-20, 13:02
- Genome complexity: looping DNA to prevent knots -
David Turell,
2017-04-19, 20:44
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-13, 22:09
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-13, 10:10
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-12, 15:26
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-12, 10:41
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-11, 15:39
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-11, 11:57
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-10, 15:29
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-10, 11:46
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-09, 09:52
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes - David Turell, 2019-03-08, 20:43
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
dhw,
2017-04-08, 12:50
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-07, 18:41
- Genome complexity: reprise of recent entries -
David Turell,
2017-04-04, 20:06
- Genome complexity: modifying RNA controls of genes -
David Turell,
2017-04-04, 19:54
- Genome complexity: Enzymes repair DNA copy mistakes -
David Turell,
2016-10-25, 18:47
- Genome complexity: Explaining Crispr -
David Turell,
2016-10-22, 19:13
- Genome complexity: coding variability -
David Turell,
2016-10-14, 19:20
- Genome complexity: methylation control enzymes found - David Turell, 2019-08-19, 18:32
- Genome complexity: DNA repair system with p53 -
David Turell,
2016-09-26, 23:16
- Genome complexity: methylation control -
David Turell,
2016-09-21, 02:23
- Genome complexity: long non-coding RNA -
David Turell,
2016-09-14, 15:51
- Genome complexity: enzyme repairs broken DNA -
David Turell,
2016-09-05, 22:15
- Genome complexity: transcription and DNA structure -
David Turell,
2016-09-03, 00:01
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
David Turell,
2016-08-16, 18:21
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
dhw,
2016-08-16, 12:27
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
David Turell,
2016-08-15, 18:04
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
dhw,
2016-08-15, 12:08
- Genome complexity: how do genes exert control -
David Turell,
2016-08-14, 23:05
- Genome complexity: Smallest gene count for life -
dhw,
2016-03-26, 12:29
- Genome complexity: Smallest gene count for life -
David Turell,
2016-03-25, 14:59
- Genome complexity: Smallest gene count for life -
David Turell,
2016-03-25, 00:28
- Genome complexity: Dad's epigenetic contributions -
David Turell,
2016-01-27, 14:53
- Genome complexity: more epigenetic coding sites on RNA - David Turell, 2019-08-13, 15:39
- Genome complexity: epigenetic responses to heat -
David Turell,
2016-01-27, 04:50
- Genome complexity: more epigenetic coding sites on RNA -
David Turell,
2016-01-04, 21:12
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2016-08-13, 21:14
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-01, 18:33
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-02, 11:35
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-02, 17:58
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-03, 12:40
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-03, 15:04
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-04, 11:53
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-05, 01:23
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-05, 12:28
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-05, 23:55
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-06, 10:29
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-06, 19:40
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-07, 13:11
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-07, 15:30
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-08, 13:41
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-08, 18:07
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-09, 11:58
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-09, 18:11
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-10, 12:18
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-10, 18:38
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-10, 19:57
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-11, 14:15
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies - David Turell, 2017-05-12, 00:34
- Genome complexity: probabilistic -
David Turell,
2017-05-12, 15:04
- Genome complexity: probabilistic -
dhw,
2017-05-13, 09:04
- Genome complexity: probabilistic - David Turell, 2017-05-13, 14:44
- Genome complexity: probabilistic -
dhw,
2017-05-13, 09:04
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-11, 14:15
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-11, 14:11
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-12, 00:32
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-12, 13:31
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-12, 15:30
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-13, 09:24
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-13, 15:12
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-14, 12:08
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-14, 22:13
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-15, 13:09
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-15, 15:17
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-16, 08:45
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-16, 15:17
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-17, 13:48
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-17, 15:19
- Genome complexity: high altitude adaptation -
David Turell,
2017-05-23, 15:19
- Genome complexity: Gene function in DNA repair -
David Turell,
2017-05-26, 20:53
- Genome complexity: controlling RNA lifespan -
David Turell,
2017-06-05, 18:19
- Genome complexity: controlling pleuropotency and differentia -
David Turell,
2017-06-05, 21:06
- Genome complexity: making plant sex cells -
David Turell,
2017-06-08, 17:09
- Genome complexity: RNA helps repair DNA breaks -
David Turell,
2017-06-09, 22:30
- Genome complexity: DNA replication at random! -
David Turell,
2017-06-22, 15:25
- Genome complexity: DNA u-v light protection -
David Turell,
2017-06-24, 20:16
- Genome complexity: how DNA is packed in cells -
David Turell,
2017-06-30, 20:32
- Genome complexity: protecting short telomeres -
David Turell,
2017-07-01, 19:04
- Genome complexity: Stem cells shuffle genes -
David Turell,
2017-07-08, 14:31
- Genome complexity: histones control epigenetics -
David Turell,
2017-07-20, 18:07
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently -
David Turell,
2017-07-25, 22:16
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently -
dhw,
2017-07-26, 10:09
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently -
David Turell,
2017-07-26, 16:37
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently -
dhw,
2017-07-27, 10:30
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently -
David Turell,
2017-07-27, 15:17
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently - dhw, 2017-07-28, 11:25
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently -
David Turell,
2017-07-27, 15:17
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently -
dhw,
2017-07-27, 10:30
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently -
David Turell,
2017-07-26, 16:37
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently -
dhw,
2017-07-26, 10:09
- Genome complexity: cell DNA expressed differently -
David Turell,
2017-07-25, 22:16
- Genome complexity: histones control epigenetics -
David Turell,
2017-07-20, 18:07
- Genome complexity: Stem cells shuffle genes -
David Turell,
2017-07-08, 14:31
- Genome complexity: how DNA is packed in cells II -
David Turell,
2018-02-23, 21:50
- Genome complexity: how different cells are made -
David Turell,
2018-04-05, 19:10
- Genome complexity: how plants avoid inbreeding -
David Turell,
2018-07-14, 00:52
- Genome complexity: how plants avoid inbreeding -
Balance_Maintained,
2018-07-14, 02:05
- Genome complexity: how plants avoid inbreeding -
David Turell,
2018-07-14, 04:45
- Genome complexity: how plants avoid inbreeding - Balance_Maintained, 2018-07-14, 06:52
- Genome complexity: how plants avoid inbreeding -
David Turell,
2018-07-14, 04:45
- Genome complexity: how plants avoid inbreeding II -
David Turell,
2018-07-26, 04:57
- Genome complexity: how plants avoid inbreeding II -
Balance_Maintained,
2018-07-27, 01:18
- Genome complexity: cell controls of genes -
David Turell,
2018-11-20, 05:37
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-13, 15:46
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-14, 12:32
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-14, 13:35
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-15, 15:34
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-18, 11:00
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-18, 22:28
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-19, 13:14
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-19, 19:22
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-20, 12:23
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do - David Turell, 2019-01-20, 18:02
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-20, 18:51
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-21, 13:23
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-21, 15:15
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-22, 11:12
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-22, 15:05
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-23, 13:02
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-23, 19:08
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-24, 10:20
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-24, 20:41
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-25, 10:21
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-25, 21:06
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-26, 13:29
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-26, 14:46
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-27, 12:06
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-27, 19:16
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-28, 13:40
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-28, 14:04
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-29, 13:55
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-29, 17:32
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-30, 13:02
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-30, 15:17
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-31, 12:15
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-31, 14:51
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-01, 13:53
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-01, 14:33
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-02, 14:19
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-02, 15:36
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-03, 10:12
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-03, 14:44
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-04, 13:13
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-04, 15:20
- Genome complexity: how neurons grow their axons - David Turell, 2019-02-04, 17:52
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-05, 08:57
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-05, 15:23
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-06, 12:16
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-06, 23:46
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-07, 10:36
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-07, 20:48
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-08, 10:17
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-08, 15:31
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-09, 12:36
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-09, 15:15
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-10, 10:44
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-10, 15:30
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-11, 10:21
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-11, 16:40
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-12, 13:12
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-12, 17:57
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-13, 14:24
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-13, 15:07
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-14, 14:04
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-14, 19:13
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-15, 13:35
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-15, 19:11
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-16, 13:37
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-16, 16:17
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-17, 10:36
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-17, 20:28
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do, prove God - David Turell, 2019-02-17, 22:55
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do - David Turell, 2019-02-18, 01:25
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-18, 10:54
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-18, 15:03
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do - David Turell, 2019-02-18, 18:07
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-19, 08:59
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-19, 22:49
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-20, 09:58
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-20, 09:58
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-19, 22:49
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-18, 15:03
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-17, 20:28
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-17, 10:36
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-16, 16:17
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-16, 13:37
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-15, 19:11
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-15, 13:35
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-14, 19:13
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-14, 14:04
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-13, 15:07
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-13, 14:24
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-12, 17:57
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-12, 13:12
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-11, 16:40
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-11, 10:21
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-10, 15:30
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-10, 10:44
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-09, 15:15
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-09, 12:36
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-08, 15:31
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-08, 10:17
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-07, 20:48
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-07, 10:36
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-06, 23:46
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-06, 12:16
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-05, 15:23
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-04, 15:20
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-04, 13:13
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-03, 14:44
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-03, 10:12
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-02, 15:36
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-02, 14:19
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-02-01, 14:33
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-02-01, 13:53
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-31, 14:51
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-31, 12:15
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-30, 15:17
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-30, 13:02
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-29, 17:32
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-29, 13:55
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-28, 14:04
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-28, 13:40
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-27, 19:16
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-27, 12:06
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-26, 14:46
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-26, 13:29
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-25, 21:06
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-25, 10:21
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-24, 20:41
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-24, 10:20
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-23, 19:08
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-23, 13:02
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-22, 15:05
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-22, 11:12
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-21, 15:15
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-21, 13:23
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-20, 12:23
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-19, 19:22
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-19, 13:14
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-18, 22:28
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-18, 11:00
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-15, 15:34
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-14, 13:35
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
dhw,
2019-01-14, 12:32
- Genome complexity: what genes do and don't do -
David Turell,
2019-01-13, 15:46
- Genome complexity: cell controls of genes -
David Turell,
2018-11-20, 05:37
- Genome complexity: how plants avoid inbreeding II -
Balance_Maintained,
2018-07-27, 01:18
- Genome complexity: how plants avoid inbreeding -
Balance_Maintained,
2018-07-14, 02:05
- Genome complexity: how plants avoid inbreeding -
David Turell,
2018-07-14, 00:52
- Genome complexity: how different cells are made -
David Turell,
2018-04-05, 19:10
- Genome complexity: protecting short telomeres -
David Turell,
2017-07-01, 19:04
- Genome complexity: how DNA is packed in cells -
David Turell,
2017-06-30, 20:32
- Genome complexity: DNA u-v light protection -
David Turell,
2017-06-24, 20:16
- Genome complexity: DNA replication at random! -
David Turell,
2017-06-22, 15:25
- Genome complexity: RNA helps repair DNA breaks -
David Turell,
2017-06-09, 22:30
- Genome complexity: making plant sex cells -
David Turell,
2017-06-08, 17:09
- Genome complexity: controlling pleuropotency and differentia -
David Turell,
2017-06-05, 21:06
- Genome complexity: controlling RNA lifespan -
David Turell,
2017-06-05, 18:19
- Genome complexity: Gene function in DNA repair -
David Turell,
2017-05-26, 20:53
- Genome complexity: high altitude adaptation -
David Turell,
2017-05-23, 15:19
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-17, 15:19
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-17, 13:48
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-16, 15:17
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-16, 08:45
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-15, 15:17
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-15, 13:09
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-14, 22:13
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-14, 12:08
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-13, 15:12
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-13, 09:24
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-12, 15:30
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-12, 13:31
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-12, 00:32
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-10, 19:57
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-10, 18:38
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-10, 12:18
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-09, 18:11
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-09, 11:58
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-08, 18:07
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-08, 13:41
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-07, 15:30
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-07, 13:11
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-06, 19:40
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-06, 10:29
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-05, 23:55
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-05, 12:28
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-05, 01:23
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-04, 11:53
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-03, 15:04
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-03, 12:40
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-02, 17:58
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
dhw,
2017-05-02, 11:35
- Genome complexity: new review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2017-05-01, 18:33
- Genome complexity: review of epigenetics studies -
David Turell,
2015-12-07, 14:39
- Genome complexity: immediate epigenetic effects -
David Turell,
2015-08-10, 21:37
- Genome complexity: epigenetics and starvation -
David Turell,
2015-07-31, 14:55
- Genome complexity: epigenetics and Lamarck -
David Turell,
2015-07-03, 15:50