Magic embryology: guiding limb formation (Introduction)

by David Turell , Wednesday, June 03, 2020, 21:51 (1634 days ago) @ David Turell

A special gradation of molecular action:

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-essential-limb-formation-embryonic.html

Researchers at the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) have discovered a system that provides cells with information about their position within developing organs. This system, studied in developing limbs, tells cells what anatomical structure they need to form within the organ.

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Embryonic development is one of the most fascinating processes in nature and has aroused scientific interest since the time of Aristotle. The generation of millions of cells from a single progenitor and their organization to produce the precise anatomy of each species is one of the most astounding examples of a self-organizing system.

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The positional information theory, first proposed more than 50 years ago by the British scientist Lewis Wolpert, hypothesized a mechanism through which cells obtain information about their position in the embryo. "This system can be compared to the GPS geolocation systems used by cell phones," Dr. Torres continued. "GPS systems consist of an external reference—the satellite signals—and a mechanism for interpreting these signals, housed in each of our cell phones. In biological systems, the positional information in each cell triggers a distinct and specific developmental plan at each location."

The CNIC team, working with partners at the National Institutes of Health in the U.S., analyzed the molecular basis of limb formation. The scientists discovered how cells obtain information about their position on the proximodistal axis of the limb bud, or primordium (the rudimentary state of a developing organ.)

Study first author Dr. Irene Delgado said, "Our work shows that the signal that tells cells where they are is the growth factor FGF." FGF molecules are produced exclusively by a small group of cells at the distal tip of the limb bud, furthest away from the body trunk.

The strength of the signal received by cells depends on how close they are to the FGF-producing cells. In other words, explained Dr. Delgado, "the more distal a cell is, the stronger the FGF signal it receives, whereas more proximal cells receive a weaker signal."

The researchers demonstrated that the molecule in receptor cells that interprets FGF signals is a transcription factor called Meis. This transcription factor is distributed in a linear abundance gradient, so that it is highly abundant in proximal cells (close to the body trunk) and becomes progressively less abundant in more distal positions. In other words, clarified Dr. Torres, "the amount of Meis in each cell reflects the amount of FGF received, and thus marks the cell's position along the proximodistal axis of the developing limb."

Transcription factors regulate the function of the genome, modulating cell behavior by switching some genes on and switching others off. Depending on the amount of Meis in a cell, specific groups of genes, including Hox genes, are activated, corresponding to the cell's position along the proximodistal axis. "Cells that receive an instruction that their position is proximal are programmed to generate the shoulder, whereas more distal cells are programmed to form the hand, and cells in an intermediate position form the upper arm, elbow, or forearm," said Delgado.

comment: The embryo must become an exact copy of its parents. This is a highly designed system that requires a designer.