Far out cosmology: recent supernova effects on Earth (Introduction)

by David Turell , Saturday, September 28, 2024, 17:17 (20 days ago) @ David Turell

At two million and six million years ago:

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-nearby-supernova-may-have-sparked-diverse-life-on-earth?...

"Supernovae explosions are responsible for creating some of the heavy elements, including iron, which is blasted out into space by the explosion.

"On Earth, there are two accumulations of the iron isotope Fe60 in seafloor sediments that scientists trace back about two or three million years ago and about five to six million years ago.

"The explosions that created the iron also dosed Earth with cosmic radiation.

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"'Life on Earth is constantly evolving under continuous exposure to ionizing radiation from both terrestrial and cosmic origin," the authors write.

"Terrestrial radiation slowly decreases over billions of years. But not cosmic radiation. The amount of cosmic radiation that Earth is exposed to varies as our Solar System moves through the galaxy.

"'Nearby supernova (SN) activity has the potential to raise the radiation levels at the surface of the Earth by several orders of magnitude, which is expected to have a profound impact on the evolution of life," they write.

"The authors explain that the two million-year-old accumulation is directly from a supernova explosion, and the older accumulation is from when Earth passed through a bubble.

"The bubble in the study's title comes from a particular type of star called OB stars. OB stars are massive, hot, and short-lived stars that usually form in groups.

"These stars emit powerful outflowing winds that create "bubbles" of hot gas in the interstellar medium. Our Solar System is inside one of these bubbles, called the Local Bubble, which is almost 1,000 light-years wide and was created several million years ago.

"The Earth entered the Local Bubble about five or six million years ago, which explains the older Fe60 accumulation. According to the authors, the younger Fe60 accumulation from two or three million years ago is directly from a supernova.

"'It is likely that the 60Fe peak at about 2-3 Myr originated from a supernova occurring in the Upper Centaurus Lupus association in Scorpius Centaurus (~140 pc) or the Tucana Horologium association (~70 pc). Whereas the ~ 5-6 Myr peak is likely attributed to the Solar System's entrance into the bubble," the authors write.

"The Local Bubble is not a quiet place. It took multiple supernovae to create it. The authors write that it took 15 SN explosions over the last 15 million years to create the LB.

"'We know from the reconstruction of the LB history that at least 9 SN exploded during the past 6 Myrs," they write.

"The researchers took all the data and calculated the amount of radiation from multiple SNs in the LB.

"'It is not clear what would the biological effects of such radiation doses be," they write, but they do discuss some possibilities.

"The radiation dosage may have been strong enough to create double-strand breaks in DNA. This is severe damage and can lead to chromosomal changes and even cell death. But there are other effects in terms of the development of life on Earth.

"'Double-strand breaks in DNA can potentially lead to mutations and jump in the diversification of species," the researchers write. A 2024 paper showed that "the rate of virus diversification in the African Tanganyika lake accelerated 2-3 Myr ago." Could this be connected to SN radiation?

"'It would be appealing to better understand whether this can be attributed to the increase in cosmic-radiation dose we predict to have taken place during that period," the authors tease.

"The SN radiation wasn't powerful enough to trigger an extinction. But it could've been powerful enough to trigger more mutations, which could lead to more species diversification.

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"The study shows that, whether we can see it in everyday life or not, or even if we're aware of it or not, our space environment exerts a powerful force on Earth's life. SN radiation could have influenced the mutation rate at critical times during Earth's history, helping shape evolution.

"Without supernova explosions, life on Earth could look very different. Many things had to go just right for us to be here. Maybe in the distant past, supernova explosions played a role in the evolutionary chain that leads to us."

Comment: it is fascinating how much information we have about our local area in space. This all part of the way the universe evolved. I assme with God in charge, Her prefers to evolve all of His creations.