Biochemical controls: deeper look at cell division (Introduction)
How RNAP clamps onto DNA:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240703183715.htm
"Every living cell transcribes DNA into RNA. This process begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase (RNAP) clamps onto DNA. Within a few hundred milliseconds, the DNA double helix unwinds to form a node known as the transcription bubble, so that one exposed DNA strand can be copied into a complementary RNA strand.
***
"Through this partnership, the team captured complexes forming in the first 100 to 500 milliseconds of RNAP meeting DNA, yielding images of four distinct intermediate complexes in enough detail to enable analysis.
"For the first time, a clear picture of the structural changes and intermediates that form during the initial stages of RNA polymerase binding to DNA snapped into focus. "The technology was extremely important to this experiment," Saecker says. "Without the ability to mix DNA and RNAP quickly and capture an image of it in real-time, these results don't exist."
"Upon examining these images, the team managed to outline a sequence of events showing how RNAP interacts with the DNA strands as they separate, at previously unseen levels of detail. As the DNA unwinds, RNAP gradually grips one of the DNA strands to prevent the double helix from coming back together. Each new interaction causes RNAP to change shape, enabling more protein-DNA connections to form. This includes pushing out one part of a protein that blocks DNA from entering RNAP's active site. A stable transcription bubble is thus formed.
"The team proposes that the rate-limiting step in transcription may be the positioning of the DNA template strand within the active site of the RNAP enzyme. This step involves overcoming significant energy barriers and rearranging several components. Future research will aim to confirm this new hypothesis and explore other steps in transcription.
"'We only looked at the very earliest steps in this study," Mueller says. "Next, we're hoping to look at other complexes, later time points, and additional steps in the transcription cycle.'"
Comment: the molecules act as if they have brains, but they are controlled by electro-magnetic forces at play in the biochemical makeup of the process. Did not evolve by chance. Only design can accomplish this.
Complete thread:
- Biochemical controls: the kidney -
David Turell,
2022-04-25, 20:47
- Biochemical controls: how enzymes work - David Turell, 2022-04-25, 21:08
- Biochemical controls: the kidney pumps blood -
David Turell,
2022-05-18, 15:24
- Biochemical controls: controlling cell protein output -
David Turell,
2022-05-31, 19:20
- Biochemical controls: intracellular electrical controls -
David Turell,
2022-09-10, 15:54
- Biochemical controls: reading DNA - David Turell, 2022-09-10, 16:16
- Biochemical controls: an enzyme controls growth -
David Turell,
2022-10-31, 17:10
- Biochemical controls: dumping cell waste - David Turell, 2022-10-31, 18:25
- Biochemical controls: protein folding follows rules -
David Turell,
2022-10-31, 22:06
- Biochemical controls: enzyme controls repair - David Turell, 2022-12-02, 00:20
- Biochemical controls: evolution of protein folding -
David Turell,
2023-03-07, 19:27
- Biochemical controls: cell division DNA replication - David Turell, 2023-05-31, 17:43
- Biochemical controls: specialized retinal ganglion cells -
David Turell,
2023-01-29, 17:10
- Biochemical controls: potassium regulation -
David Turell,
2023-01-30, 23:58
- Biochemical controls: photosynthesis in algae -
David Turell,
2023-02-01, 16:03
- Biochemical controls: photosynthesis in phytoplankton -
David Turell,
2023-06-02, 19:13
- Biochemical controls: controls of cell death (apoptosis) - David Turell, 2023-06-02, 21:04
- Biochemical controls: photosynthesis from one photon -
David Turell,
2023-06-14, 17:26
- Biochemical controls: photosynthesis from one photon -
David Turell,
2023-07-03, 22:49
- Biochemical controls: photosynthesis from one photon -
David Turell,
2023-07-05, 16:10
- Biochemical controls: plant root growth factors -
David Turell,
2023-07-08, 18:23
- Biochemical controls: immune memory - David Turell, 2023-07-12, 20:30
- Biochemical controls:photosynthesis roughly 100% efficient -
David Turell,
2023-07-16, 00:58
- Biochemical controls: oxygen without photosynthesis -
David Turell,
2023-07-17, 16:52
- Biochemical controls: expanding bacterial walls -
David Turell,
2023-07-20, 17:43
- Biochemical controls: parasites control hosts -
David Turell,
2023-07-20, 18:05
- Biochemical controls: making insulin -
David Turell,
2023-07-25, 18:02
- Biochemical controls: molecular movements -
David Turell,
2023-08-10, 18:52
- Biochemical controls: FUBI's role -
David Turell,
2023-08-12, 00:19
- Biochemical controls: plant controls for gravity -
David Turell,
2023-08-13, 23:08
- Biochemical controls: cell division atomic level -
David Turell,
2023-08-14, 17:40
- Biochemical controls: nucleolus formation -
David Turell,
2023-08-15, 17:10
- Biochemical controls: molecular language -
David Turell,
2023-08-17, 17:19
- Biochemical controls: gut stem cell development - David Turell, 2023-08-19, 16:15
- Biochemical controls: building cilia -
David Turell,
2023-08-25, 20:33
- Biochemical controls: cell control of mRNA -
David Turell,
2023-08-25, 20:42
- Biochemical controls: treadmilling for cell division -
David Turell,
2023-08-25, 20:54
- Biochemical controls: garbage disposal -
David Turell,
2023-08-26, 20:33
- Biochemical controls: cells form cilia -
David Turell,
2023-08-27, 18:00
- Biochemical controls: intercellular transport -
David Turell,
2023-09-01, 20:50
- Biochemical controls: intracellular garbage removal -
David Turell,
2023-09-27, 18:28
- Biochemical controls: appetite controls -
David Turell,
2023-10-02, 18:15
- Biochemical controls: strange strings on proteins function - David Turell, 2023-10-02, 23:08
- Biochemical controls: appetite controls -
David Turell,
2023-10-02, 18:15
- Biochemical controls: intracellular garbage removal -
David Turell,
2023-09-27, 18:28
- Biochemical controls: intercellular transport -
David Turell,
2023-09-01, 20:50
- Biochemical controls: cells form cilia -
David Turell,
2023-08-27, 18:00
- Biochemical controls: new cell division discovery -
David Turell,
2023-10-07, 19:06
- Biochemical controls: new cell division discovery -
GateKeeper,
2023-10-08, 00:24
- Biochemical controls: new cell division discovery -
dhw,
2023-10-08, 11:47
- Biochemical controls: new cell division discovery -
David Turell,
2023-10-08, 16:45
- Biochemical controls: mitochondrial metabolism control -
David Turell,
2023-10-09, 18:04
- Biochemical controls: circadian clock proteins -
David Turell,
2023-10-10, 19:39
- Biochemical controls: circadian clock proteins - David Turell, 2023-10-18, 20:16
- Biochemical controls: circadian clock proteins -
David Turell,
2023-10-10, 19:39
- Biochemical controls: mitochondrial metabolism control -
David Turell,
2023-10-09, 18:04
- Biochemical controls: new cell division discovery -
David Turell,
2023-10-08, 16:45
- Biochemical controls: new cell division discovery -
David Turell,
2023-10-08, 16:06
- Biochemical controls: making operational synapses -
David Turell,
2023-10-12, 21:35
- Biochemical controls: handling stress -
David Turell,
2023-10-16, 18:59
- Biophysical controls -
David Turell,
2023-10-25, 21:36
- Biophysical controls: motors looping DNA -
David Turell,
2023-11-10, 15:54
- Biochemical controls: how mitochondria protect themselves -
David Turell,
2023-11-10, 19:09
- Biochemical controls: how T cells fight cancer -
David Turell,
2023-11-11, 16:55
- Biochemical controls: how MAIT T cells work - David Turell, 2023-11-11, 17:48
- Biochemical controls: ion gate controls -
David Turell,
2023-11-13, 21:03
- Biochemical controls: condensate formation in cells -
David Turell,
2023-11-13, 22:00
- Biochemical controls: reading DNA -
David Turell,
2023-11-24, 22:19
- Biochemical controls: enzymes control insulin level -
David Turell,
2023-12-06, 14:59
- Biochemical controls: enormous number of molecular reactions -
David Turell,
2023-12-11, 19:55
- Biochemical controls: intracellular reactions -
David Turell,
2023-12-21, 20:16
- Biochemical controls: intracellular reactions II - David Turell, 2023-12-21, 20:38
- Biochemical controls: two forms of Actin act differently -
David Turell,
2023-12-22, 19:41
- Biochemical controls: tRNA actions - David Turell, 2023-12-30, 16:02
- Biochemical controls: two forms of actin -
David Turell,
2024-01-01, 18:36
- Biochemical controls: cellular health controls -
David Turell,
2024-01-06, 20:05
- Biochemical controls: cell adhesion controls -
David Turell,
2024-01-08, 17:17
- Biochemical controls: how age is controlled -
David Turell,
2024-01-08, 17:35
- Biochemical controls: mitochondrial vast activities -
David Turell,
2024-01-08, 19:04
- Biochemical controls: cellular molecular decision making -
David Turell,
2024-01-18, 18:59
- Biochemical controls: intercellular communication -
David Turell,
2024-01-19, 19:10
- Biochemical controls: mitochondrial energy output -
David Turell,
2024-01-21, 20:02
- Biochemical controls: managing allergy -
David Turell,
2024-02-08, 20:34
- Biochemical controls: not in the genes!: -
David Turell,
2024-02-28, 18:57
- Biochemical controls: how algae fix CO2 -
David Turell,
2024-03-04, 18:42
- Biochemical controls: why apoptosis? -
David Turell,
2024-03-06, 18:16
- Biochemical controls: controlling autoimmunity -
David Turell,
2024-03-20, 14:54
- Biochemical controls: controlling cardiac functions -
David Turell,
2024-03-28, 23:34
- Biochemical controls: controlling DNA in cell division -
David Turell,
2024-03-30, 22:01
- Biochemical controls: controlling DNA transcriptions -
David Turell,
2024-04-26, 15:56
- Biochemical controls: the role of the interstitium -
David Turell,
2024-04-26, 18:08
- Biochemical controls: the role of membrane ion fluxes -
David Turell,
2024-04-27, 01:04
- Biochemical controls: the role of B cells in cancer control -
David Turell,
2024-05-03, 18:35
- Biochemical controls: T cell controls -
David Turell,
2024-05-04, 20:58
- Biochemical controls: of cell division -
David Turell,
2024-05-05, 22:44
- Biochemical controls: protect a pregnancy -
David Turell,
2024-05-06, 17:47
- Biochemical controls: seed control of 'up' and 'down' -
David Turell,
2024-05-16, 18:29
- Biochemical controls: alternate cellular waste disposal -
David Turell,
2024-06-12, 17:41
- Biochemical controls: proper delivery of proteins -
David Turell,
2024-06-25, 19:43
- Biochemical controls: T cell receptors control gut immunity -
David Turell,
2024-07-05, 16:40
- Biochemical controls: deeper look at cell division - David Turell, 2024-07-06, 18:06
- Biochemical controls: T cell receptors control gut immunity -
David Turell,
2024-07-05, 16:40
- Biochemical controls: proper delivery of proteins -
David Turell,
2024-06-25, 19:43
- Biochemical controls: alternate cellular waste disposal -
David Turell,
2024-06-12, 17:41
- Biochemical controls: seed control of 'up' and 'down' -
David Turell,
2024-05-16, 18:29
- Biochemical controls: protect a pregnancy -
David Turell,
2024-05-06, 17:47
- Biochemical controls: of cell division -
David Turell,
2024-05-05, 22:44
- Biochemical controls: T cell controls -
David Turell,
2024-05-04, 20:58
- Biochemical controls: the role of B cells in cancer control -
David Turell,
2024-05-03, 18:35
- Biochemical controls: the role of membrane ion fluxes -
David Turell,
2024-04-27, 01:04
- Biochemical controls: the role of the interstitium -
David Turell,
2024-04-26, 18:08
- Biochemical controls: controlling DNA transcriptions -
David Turell,
2024-04-26, 15:56
- Biochemical controls: controlling DNA in cell division -
David Turell,
2024-03-30, 22:01
- Biochemical controls: controlling cardiac functions -
David Turell,
2024-03-28, 23:34
- Biochemical controls: controlling autoimmunity -
David Turell,
2024-03-20, 14:54
- Biochemical controls: how phytoplankton's fix nitrogen -
David Turell,
2024-07-17, 19:42
- Biochemical controls: a protein guides cell division -
David Turell,
2024-07-20, 20:44
- Biochemical controls: rythymic gene expression in symbiosis -
David Turell,
2024-07-20, 21:11
- Biochemical controls: long-lived proteins in oocytes -
David Turell,
2024-07-21, 16:53
- Biochemical controls: plant controls genetic or not -
David Turell,
2024-08-02, 18:33
- Biochemical controls: plant controls over cell stress -
David Turell,
2024-08-09, 19:37
- Biochemical controls: symbiotic controls -
David Turell,
2024-08-09, 20:03
- Biochemical controls: over natural killer cells -
David Turell,
2024-08-12, 18:31
- Biochemical controls: plant immunity against viruses -
David Turell,
2024-08-13, 21:36
- Biochemical controls: mitochondrial self-repair -
David Turell,
2024-08-22, 00:10
- Biochemical controls: lipoprotein levels in pregnancy -
David Turell,
2024-08-22, 18:33
- Biochemical controls: providing T cell memories -
David Turell,
2024-08-25, 19:27
- Biochemical controls: a viral bacterial defense mechanism -
David Turell,
2024-08-27, 19:28
- Biochemical controls: histone role in cell functions -
David Turell,
2024-09-01, 16:28
- Biochemical controls: of synapse development - David Turell, 2024-09-02, 01:06
- Biochemical controls: butterfly wing colors -
David Turell,
2024-09-04, 17:32
- Biochemical controls: of specialized cell reproduction -
David Turell,
2024-09-06, 19:13
- Biochemical controls: protecting centromeres - David Turell, 2024-09-07, 20:02
- Biochemical controls: of specialized cell reproduction -
David Turell,
2024-09-06, 19:13
- Biochemical controls: histone role in cell functions -
David Turell,
2024-09-01, 16:28
- Biochemical controls: a viral bacterial defense mechanism -
David Turell,
2024-08-27, 19:28
- Biochemical controls: providing T cell memories -
David Turell,
2024-08-25, 19:27
- Biochemical controls: lipoprotein levels in pregnancy -
David Turell,
2024-08-22, 18:33
- Biochemical controls: mitochondrial self-repair -
David Turell,
2024-08-22, 00:10
- Biochemical controls: plant immunity against viruses -
David Turell,
2024-08-13, 21:36
- Biochemical controls: over natural killer cells -
David Turell,
2024-08-12, 18:31
- Biochemical controls: symbiotic controls -
David Turell,
2024-08-09, 20:03
- Biochemical controls: plant controls over cell stress -
David Turell,
2024-08-09, 19:37
- Biochemical controls: plant controls genetic or not -
David Turell,
2024-08-02, 18:33
- Biochemical controls: long-lived proteins in oocytes -
David Turell,
2024-07-21, 16:53
- Biochemical controls: rythymic gene expression in symbiosis -
David Turell,
2024-07-20, 21:11
- Biochemical controls: a protein guides cell division -
David Turell,
2024-07-20, 20:44
- Biochemical controls: why apoptosis? -
David Turell,
2024-03-06, 18:16
- Biochemical controls: how algae fix CO2 -
David Turell,
2024-03-04, 18:42
- Biochemical controls: not in the genes!: -
David Turell,
2024-02-28, 18:57
- Biochemical controls: managing allergy -
David Turell,
2024-02-08, 20:34
- Biochemical controls: mitochondrial energy output -
David Turell,
2024-01-21, 20:02
- Biochemical controls: intercellular communication -
David Turell,
2024-01-19, 19:10
- Biochemical controls: cellular molecular decision making -
David Turell,
2024-01-18, 18:59
- Biochemical controls: mitochondrial vast activities -
David Turell,
2024-01-08, 19:04
- Biochemical controls: how age is controlled -
David Turell,
2024-01-08, 17:35
- Biochemical controls: cell adhesion controls -
David Turell,
2024-01-08, 17:17
- Biochemical controls: cellular health controls -
David Turell,
2024-01-06, 20:05
- Biochemical controls: intracellular reactions -
David Turell,
2023-12-21, 20:16
- Biochemical controls: enormous number of molecular reactions -
David Turell,
2023-12-11, 19:55
- Biochemical controls: enzymes control insulin level -
David Turell,
2023-12-06, 14:59
- Biochemical controls: reading DNA -
David Turell,
2023-11-24, 22:19
- Biochemical controls: condensate formation in cells -
David Turell,
2023-11-13, 22:00
- Biochemical controls: how T cells fight cancer -
David Turell,
2023-11-11, 16:55
- Biochemical controls: how mitochondria protect themselves -
David Turell,
2023-11-10, 19:09
- Biophysical controls: motors looping DNA -
David Turell,
2023-11-10, 15:54
- Biophysical controls -
David Turell,
2023-10-25, 21:36
- Biochemical controls: handling stress -
David Turell,
2023-10-16, 18:59
- Biochemical controls: making operational synapses -
David Turell,
2023-10-12, 21:35
- Biochemical controls: new cell division discovery -
dhw,
2023-10-08, 11:47
- Biochemical controls: new cell division discovery -
GateKeeper,
2023-10-08, 00:24
- Biochemical controls: garbage disposal -
David Turell,
2023-08-26, 20:33
- Biochemical controls: treadmilling for cell division -
David Turell,
2023-08-25, 20:54
- Biochemical controls: cell control of mRNA -
David Turell,
2023-08-25, 20:42
- Biochemical controls: molecular language -
David Turell,
2023-08-17, 17:19
- Biochemical controls: nucleolus formation -
David Turell,
2023-08-15, 17:10
- Biochemical controls: cell division atomic level -
David Turell,
2023-08-14, 17:40
- Biochemical controls: plant controls for gravity -
David Turell,
2023-08-13, 23:08
- Biochemical controls: FUBI's role -
David Turell,
2023-08-12, 00:19
- Biochemical controls: molecular movements -
David Turell,
2023-08-10, 18:52
- Biochemical controls: parasites control hosts - David Turell, 2024-05-02, 21:00
- Biochemical controls: making insulin -
David Turell,
2023-07-25, 18:02
- Biochemical controls: parasites control hosts -
David Turell,
2023-07-20, 18:05
- Biochemical controls: expanding bacterial walls -
David Turell,
2023-07-20, 17:43
- Biochemical controls: oxygen without photosynthesis -
David Turell,
2023-07-17, 16:52
- Biochemical controls: plant root growth factors -
David Turell,
2023-07-08, 18:23
- Biochemical controls: intracellular quantum actions - David Turell, 2023-09-09, 21:25
- Biochemical controls: photosynthesis from one photon -
David Turell,
2023-07-05, 16:10
- Biochemical controls: photosynthesis from one photon -
David Turell,
2023-07-03, 22:49
- Biochemical controls: photosynthesis in phytoplankton -
David Turell,
2023-06-02, 19:13
- Biochemical controls: photosynthesis in algae -
David Turell,
2023-02-01, 16:03
- Biochemical controls: potassium regulation -
David Turell,
2023-01-30, 23:58
- Biochemical controls: how RNA is supplied and delivered - David Turell, 2023-03-06, 19:09
- Biochemical controls: sight from initial molecule's actions -
David Turell,
2023-03-22, 20:26
- Biochemical controls: specialized retinal synapses -
David Turell,
2023-06-19, 15:56
- Biochemical controls: cell conversion controls -
David Turell,
2023-06-29, 17:19
- Biochemical controls: cell life or death controls - David Turell, 2023-06-30, 15:13
- Biochemical controls: cell conversion controls -
David Turell,
2023-06-29, 17:19
- Biochemical controls: specialized retinal synapses -
David Turell,
2023-06-19, 15:56
- Biochemical controls: intracellular electrical controls -
David Turell,
2022-09-10, 15:54
- Biochemical controls: controlling cell protein output -
David Turell,
2022-05-31, 19:20
- Biochemical controls: plant wound signals - David Turell, 2022-10-22, 16:57