Privileged planet: molybdenum and nitrogen fixing (Introduction)
A bacteria found to help in the process:
https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/mineral-extracting-microorganism-could-solve-early-...
"Nitrogen fixation – a key step for complex life’s evolution – could have been helped along by ancient bacteria living in shallow water that were able to extract molybdenum from rocks. That’s according to researchers who have demonstrated how this offers a plausible explanation to the paradox of how molybdenum-nitrogenase, the predominant nitrogen-fixing enzyme, could have evolved 3.2 billion years ago when Earth’s supply of dissolved molybdenum was scarce.
"DNA and proteins all need nitrogen. Without it, life as we know it could not have begun or evolved. However, on early Earth, most nitrogen was locked up in the atmosphere as highly stable and unreactive dinitrogen gas. Volcanic lightning is suspected to have kickstarted the availability of nitrogen for ancient life by zapping apart the triple bond of dinitrogen to form nitrates that rained down on Earth at least 3.7 billion years ago.
"By 3.2 billion years ago, according to a 2015 study that analysed the chemistry of such ancient rocks, lifeforms had already evolved the ability to pull nitrogen from the air and convert it into ammonia using a molybdenum-based enzyme. This was around a billion years before the two other nitrogenase enzymes that use different metals, namely iron or vanadium, are thought to have evolved.
"However, this presented a conundrum. At the time, dissolved molybdenum was scarce due to a lack of atmospheric oxygen to react with molybdenum-containing rocks and wash it into the ocean. So how did molybdenum-nitrogenase evolve as the prevailing nitrogen-fixing enzyme?
"Hailiang Dong at China University of Geosciences and colleagues have now shown in the lab that an ancient photosynthesising microorganism could have extracted the required molybdenum from molybdenite, or molybdenum disulfide, a mineral present in rocks on early Earth. This, they say, could have promoted the rise of nitrogen fixation via molybdenum-nitrogenase.
"To help solve the puzzle, the team looked to the ancient anoxygenic photosynthesising microbe Rhodopseudomonas palustris – a purple, rod-shaped bacterium found in marshy habitats. This has all three nitrogenase enzymes – molybdenum, vanadium and iron – and switches between them depending on metal availability.
***
‘'Our findings demonstrate that molybdenite can indeed support nitrogen fixation by R. palustris, with the rate of nitrogen fixation increasing in correlation with the concentration of molybdenite,’ says Dong. The results highlight that molybdenum-bearing minerals could have provided a crucial source of molybdenum for photosynthesising microbes in early, low-oxygen environments, such as shallow waters near land.
‘'The results look convincing to me and definitely offer a plausible mechanism for life to obtain molybdenum on the Archean Earth,’ comments Eva Stüeken, at the University of St Andrews, UK, who co-authored the 2015 study that discovered molybdenum-nitrogenase 3.2 billion years ago. However, she points out that other molybdenum sources, particularly in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, remain to be investigated for their potential importance for early life in the open ocean. ‘Nevertheless, the work definitely addresses an important biogeochemical problem,’ she says. ‘It is undoubtedly thought-provoking.’'
Comment: this is another intricate detail in how materials were made available for life to begin. As usual a helpful bacteria is achieving the goal.
Complete thread:
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David Turell,
2024-07-22, 18:06
- Privileged planet: how we got water -
David Turell,
2024-07-16, 19:00
- Privileged planet: influence of oxygen levels -
David Turell,
2024-07-08, 15:57
- Privileged planet: earliest water even earlier -
David Turell,
2024-07-02, 15:45
- Privileged planet: so many fungus among us -
David Turell,
2024-06-21, 22:06
- Privileged planet: nitrous oxide breathers found -
David Turell,
2024-06-21, 21:30
- Privileged Planet: new inner layer found -
David Turell,
2024-06-15, 14:59
- Privileged Planet: more about oxidation event -
David Turell,
2024-06-12, 17:56
- Privileged Planet: the effect of interstellar clouds -
David Turell,
2024-06-11, 20:34
- Privileged Planet: earliest water -
David Turell,
2024-06-03, 18:09
- Privileged Planet: plate tectonics driving evolution -
David Turell,
2024-05-31, 18:19
- Privileged Planet: very early water -
David Turell,
2024-05-14, 14:43
- Privileged Planet: oldest Antarctic ice studied -
David Turell,
2024-04-26, 15:30
- Privileged Planet: worms' contribution to soils -
David Turell,
2024-03-11, 22:36
- Privileged Planet: wandering CO2 levels -
David Turell,
2024-03-11, 21:07
- Privileged Planet: how quantum effects of CO2 warm us -
David Turell,
2024-02-15, 16:55
- Privileged Planet: a reminder of the moon's contribution -
David Turell,
2024-02-08, 19:38
- Privileged Planet: another review -
David Turell,
2024-02-03, 04:12
- Privileged Planet: enough oxygen -
David Turell,
2024-01-18, 20:02
- Privileged Planet: core movements -
David Turell,
2024-01-07, 16:19
- Privileged Planet: deep plate studies -
David Turell,
2023-10-29, 18:59
- Privileged Planet: our rocks are different -
David Turell,
2023-10-19, 17:12
- Privileged Planet: how plants changed it -
David Turell,
2023-09-13, 17:12
- Privileged Planet: hot period forty million years ago -
David Turell,
2023-09-03, 17:06
- Privileged Planet: life before plate tectonics -
David Turell,
2023-06-17, 15:22
- Privileged Planet: became a watery planet quickly -
David Turell,
2023-06-14, 17:40
- Privileged Planet: shorter days in the past -
David Turell,
2023-06-12, 20:33
- Privileged Planet: the role of iron rich rocks -
David Turell,
2023-06-11, 19:05
- Privileged Planet: contribution of amazing ancient moss -
David Turell,
2023-05-09, 23:17
- Privileged Planet: how our planet cleans itself -
David Turell,
2023-04-08, 02:58
- Privileged Planet: plate tectonics add water -
David Turell,
2023-04-01, 16:55
- Privileged Planet: Inner inner core -
David Turell,
2023-02-22, 15:23
- Privileged Planet: Internal temperature extremely hot -
David Turell,
2023-02-18, 19:25
- Privileged Planet: great oxidation event came earlier -
David Turell,
2023-02-12, 16:34
- Privileged Planet: moon causes magnetosphere tides -
David Turell,
2023-02-06, 17:19
- Privileged Planet: outer solar system supplied our water -
David Turell,
2023-02-04, 16:15
- Privileged Planet: life makes soil from rock -
David Turell,
2023-02-02, 16:06
- Privileged Planet: source of volatile elements -
David Turell,
2023-01-29, 19:43
- Privileged Planet: fairly constant temperature range -
David Turell,
2023-01-28, 17:05
- Privileged Planet: inner core rotation? -
David Turell,
2023-01-23, 18:30
- Privileged Planet: life transformed early Earth -
David Turell,
2023-01-16, 18:22
- Privileged Planet: much of our water present at start -
David Turell,
2022-12-17, 15:14
- Privileged Planet: nitrogen cycle -
David Turell,
2022-09-20, 17:53
- Privileged Planet: how continents were formed -
David Turell,
2022-09-20, 16:09
- Privileged Planet: how continents were formed -
David Turell,
2022-08-12, 18:54
- Privileged Planet: red giant contributions -
David Turell,
2019-12-10, 18:48
- Privileged Planet: continental drift -
David Turell,
2019-02-18, 15:22
- Privileged Planet: another summary of evidence -
dhw,
2018-12-23, 09:36
- Privileged Planet: another summary of evidence -
David Turell,
2018-12-22, 19:29
- Privileged Planet: our sun is different than most stars -
David Turell,
2018-08-09, 00:32
- Privileged Planet: must have water -
David Turell,
2017-07-31, 18:29
- Privileged Planet: complete eclipses -
David Turell,
2017-06-27, 15:00
- Privileged Planet:Third book -
David Turell,
2014-03-14, 14:45
- Privileged Planet:Third book -
David Turell,
2014-03-07, 18:10
- Privileged Planet: Sunburn protection -
David Turell,
2014-03-07, 01:38
- Privileged Planet: New study -
Balance_Maintained,
2013-05-12, 06:08
- Privileged Planet: New study -
David Turell,
2013-05-11, 15:59
- Privileged Planet: New study -
xeno6696,
2012-05-01, 17:16
- Privileged Planet: New study -
dhw,
2012-05-01, 16:53
- Privileged Planet: Geologic carbon cycle -
David Turell,
2014-03-20, 16:56
- Privileged Planet: Lots of water -
David Turell,
2014-06-14, 14:45
- Privileged Planet: Dangerous Electrons blocked - David Turell, 2014-11-27, 14:48
- Privileged Planet: Lots of water -
David Turell,
2014-12-11, 15:09
- Privileged Planet: Self-made water? -
David Turell,
2014-12-17, 15:48
- Privileged Planet: Mineral evolution -
David Turell,
2015-02-21, 14:37
- Privileged Planet: hard to fnd one like us -
David Turell,
2015-06-01, 04:14
- Privileged Planet: formation of continents -
David Turell,
2015-06-27, 18:19
- Privileged Planet: particle protection -
David Turell,
2017-02-16, 21:22
- Privileged Planet: ocean microbe controls - David Turell, 2019-08-08, 00:06
- Privileged Planet: particle protection -
David Turell,
2017-02-16, 21:22
- Privileged Planet: formation of continents -
David Turell,
2015-06-27, 18:19
- Privileged Planet: hard to fnd one like us -
David Turell,
2015-06-01, 04:14
- Privileged Planet: Mineral evolution -
David Turell,
2015-02-21, 14:37
- Privileged Planet: Self-made water? -
David Turell,
2014-12-17, 15:48
- Privileged Planet: Lots of water - David Turell, 2021-03-10, 14:25
- Privileged Planet: carbon cycle under ice sheets -
David Turell,
2019-08-17, 14:50
- Privileged Planet: a brief summary of why it is -
David Turell,
2019-10-23, 21:58
- Privileged Planet: life's metabolism before oxygen -
David Turell,
2019-11-07, 18:19
- Privileged Planet: snowball Earth had a source of oxygen: - David Turell, 2019-12-04, 05:38
- Privileged Planet: life's metabolism before oxygen -
David Turell,
2019-11-07, 18:19
- Privileged Planet: a brief summary of why it is -
David Turell,
2019-10-23, 21:58
- Privileged Planet: Lots of water -
David Turell,
2014-06-14, 14:45
- Privileged Planet: New study -
dhw,
2012-04-26, 14:12