Immunity: modifying T cells (Introduction)

by Balance_Maintained , U.S.A., Saturday, July 07, 2018, 05:54 (2119 days ago) @ David Turell

Special protein controls are discovered:

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-07-scientists-protein-complex-destiny-cells.html

"Like a mentor helping medical students choose between specialties, a protein complex helps shape the destiny of developing T cells, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital scientists have reported.

"The protein complex is mTORC1, which regulates cell growth and metabolism. St. Jude immunologists found mTORC1 acts in response to cues from in and around developing T cells and intersects with metabolic activity, to influence whether the cells become conventional or unconventional T cells. To their surprise, researchers found that disrupting mTORC1 led to metabolic changes that favored development of unconventional T cells at the expense of conventional T cells.

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"T cells play a central role in the adaptive immune system, functioning like elite commando units trained to find and eliminate specific viruses and other threats. T cell development occurs in the thymus after immature (precursor) cells in the bone marrow travel there to mature and specialize. Their specialty is signaled partly by protein receptors on the cell surface known as T cell receptors (TCRs) or antigen receptors. T cells depend on the T cell receptors to recognize targets and respond to changing conditions.

"In humans, the vast majority of T cell receptors have an alpha (α) protein chain and a beta (β) chain. These are conventional T cells that circulate widely and reside in the spleen and lymph nodes. A smaller number of T cells carry receptors made from a gamma (γ) and a delta (δ) protein chain. They belong to the family of unconventional T cells that are found in the gut, skin and other barrier tissues.

"Working with mouse models and developing T cells in the laboratory, Chi and his colleagues showed that activation of mTORC1 revs up energy production through glycolysis and oxidation to fuel anabolic metabolism and promote development of αβ T cells.

"When investigators disabled mTORC1, metabolism was disrupted, which was associated with a reduction in the αβ T cells and an increase in γδ T cells.Deleting a key component of mTORC1, a protein called RAPTOR, disabled mTORC1 and altered the metabolic balance in developing T cells. The change reduced anabolic metabolism but increased levels of toxic molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated activity along a molecular pathway that promotes cell growth.

"The change enhanced development of γδ T cells in the thymus and hindered development of αβ T cells.

"Researchers also reported expression of signature genes associated with γδ T cells was enhanced in mice when RAPTOR was deleted from the mTORC1 complex.

"'This research establishes mTORC1-driven metabolic signaling as a decisive factor in determining the fate of developing T cells and suggests metabolic processes are a fundamental mechanism that connects external signals with internal processes to guide the fate of immune cells," Chi said."

Comment: The immune system is so complex and so precise it must have been designed.

I wonder how the position within the body of a virus or bacteria needs to attack is transmitted to all of the T cells and white blood cells when they need to converge and attack. I also wonder how they find and identify targets. How do they differentiate between hostile and benign? How do they know how to attack a particular problem? How is that information spread throughout the system? It implies an information pathway that directly increase the information level of the system on a system wide level. Where is this information stored? Could we measure the increase in information if we knew?

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What is the purpose of living? How about, 'to reduce needless suffering. It seems to me to be a worthy purpose.