What makes life vital (Introduction)

by David Turell , Saturday, September 26, 2015, 14:48 (3345 days ago) @ David Turell

Life comes only from life. This is strongly pointed out in the way research is done with DNA. Enzymes have been found in bacteria which cut DNA open to delete or insert sections. This helps uncover the function of an area of DNA whether a gene or a modifying segment. Remember, scientists did not invent those enzymes. We can only work with what life offers:-http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150925131512.htm-"We were thrilled to discover completely different CRISPR enzymes that can be harnessed for advancing research and human health," Zhang said.-"The newly described Cpf1 system differs in several important ways from the previously described Cas9, with significant implications for research and therapeutics, as well as for business and intellectual property:-•First: In its natural form, the DNA-cutting enzyme Cas9 forms a complex with two small RNAs, both of which are required for the cutting activity. The Cpf1 system is simpler in that it requires only a single RNA. The Cpf1 enzyme is also smaller than the standard SpCas9, making it easier to deliver into cells and tissues.-•Second, and perhaps most significantly: Cpf1 cuts DNA in a different manner than Cas9. When the Cas9 complex cuts DNA, it cuts both strands at the same place, leaving 'blunt ends' that often undergo mutations as they are rejoined. With the Cpf1 complex the cuts in the two strands are offset, leaving short overhangs on the exposed ends. This is expected to help with precise insertion, allowing researchers to integrate a piece of DNA more efficiently and accurately.-•Third: Cpf1 cuts far away from the recognition site, meaning that even if the targeted gene becomes mutated at the cut site, it can likely still be re-cut, allowing multiple opportunities for correct editing to occur.-•Fourth: the Cpf1 system provides new flexibility in choosing target sites. Like Cas9, the Cpf1 complex must first attach to a short sequence known as a PAM, and targets must be chosen that are adjacent to naturally occurring PAM sequences. The Cpf1 complex recognizes very different PAM sequences from those of Cas9. This could be an advantage in targeting some genomes, such as in the malaria parasite as well as in humans."-Comment: As usual living matter presents itself as a very complex system, which we have learned to manipulate, but I doubt if we very bright humans could have invented it in its current state. So do you believe we can discover how 'simple' first life formed? Are you kidding?