Ant intelligence; special sanitary nest controls (Introduction)

by David Turell , Thursday, June 15, 2023, 16:39 (317 days ago) @ David Turell

Ant grooming to remove pests is ordered by rules:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/06/230607124035.htm

"In their multidisciplinary study published in the journal Nature Communications, the scientists used garden ants and fungal germs to understand what information ants take into account when performing their individual grooming choices.

"Observation of the ants' behavior and analysis of the spore load -- the amount of fungal spores -- of each colony member over time revealed that ants preferentially target the most infectious nestmate for grooming. Additionally, ants do not groom other ants just after they were groomed themselves. Ants therefore not only assess the contagiousness level of others but are also sensitive to the social feedback they receive on their own infectiousness from the colony. This unique combination of simple rules leads to the fact that the most infectious colony members are groomed by the least infectious colony members, resulting in highly efficient colony-level disease control.

"Social ants are masters in cooperative disease defense, which gives rise to the colony-level protection called "social immunity" -- the collective effort to reduce the risk of disease and transmission throughout the colony. Previous studies have described how colony members care for each other, in particular by cleaning off germs and spores from infected nestmates and spraying them with disinfecting chemicals. But how do they know whom they should groom?

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"Ants preferentially target the individuals that carry the highest amount of spores, which are the individuals that represent the greatest disease risk for the colony. "Ants typically pick the one with the currently highest spore load, although the spore loads are constantly changing due to the grooming itself," Cremer explains. "This allows the ants to dynamically react to changes in disease threat."

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"Together, the team unraveled which information the ants make use of in their decisions about when to engage in grooming and whom to target. Boďová explains, "The ants follow a simple 'rule of thumb': When they encounter another ant with lots of spores, they are more likely to groom this ant." This means that the ants do not need to remember the spore load of all colony members but can rely on only the information they gather from contact with the ants around them.

"Yet, the system is not perfect. The ants also sometimes groom the less-infectious individual. But the many small biases towards grooming ants with higher amount of infectious fungi performed by all colony members accumulate to a clear choice and efficient cleaning at the colony level. The ants can react to minimal differences in spore loads but make decisions that are more accurate when the discrepancy is higher.

"'We still do not know how the ants sense the difference in spore load. Maybe the more infectious ants have a stronger fungal scent," Cremer hypothesizes. The group's recent publication suggests that ergosterol -- an essential membrane compound that all fungi have -- might be a possible cue for fungal detection.

"The theoretical approaches also revealed that another important factor is relevant to an ant's grooming activity: the ant's sensitivity to social cues given by their nestmates. Cremer explains it as a social feedback loop that prevents highly infectious individuals from taking care of others and thereby limits the risk of spreading the disease during caregiving. More than just an interesting observation of ant behavior, this publication seeks to understand individual decision-making inside the colony. Cremer summarizes, "By teaming up with our colleagues doing theoretical science, we managed to open the black box of individual decision-making in social immunity and cooperative disease defense.'"

Comment: another amazing study of ant social behavior.