More Matt Strassler (Introduction)

by David Turell @, Monday, March 17, 2014, 14:12 (3904 days ago)

He describes the universe as part of an eternal 'something'. He is a string and multiverse enthusiast, but infirmative and intersting:-http://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/relativity-space-astronomy-and-cosmology/history-of-the-universe/inflation/-"Let me say again: the space expanded. Things didn't rush into the space: the space simply became much larger. It's not one bit like an explosion. Click here to read more about the difference between an explosion of something into space and an expansion of space itself.
 
"How insane is this rate of expansion? A patch of the universe no larger than your computer screen expanded to the size of the observable patch of the universe, or larger, in less than the time it takes for a quark to cross from one side of proton to the other. I won't even bother to tell you the numbers, partly because we don't actually know how long inflation lasted, but also the numbers are too big in size and too small in time for humans to think about them. Basically, a giant chunk of universe was created from a tiny one almost instantaneously.
 
"What was the universe like during the period of this expansion? Empty. Extremely empty. Much, much, much emptier than space is now. Extremely cold. Extremely dark. Anything which might have been there before inflation started would have been pulled apart and dragged to great distances in an instant.
 
"What happened before inflation, and how inflation got started, we don't know. There are a number of reasonable scientifically-grounded theoretical ideas, but they're all speculation until someone thinks of a way to test them by making measurements. There may not even have been a "before inflation", either because inflation is always going on somewhere in the universe, or because time doesn't really make any sense if you go back too far, or for some other reason. But in many contexts it almost doesn't matter, as I'll now explain through a set of figures, answering some frequently asked questions along the way."

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by David Turell @, Wednesday, March 19, 2014, 00:51 (3903 days ago) @ David Turell

His latest post continues to explain the finding from the elescope at the South Pole. You will not follow every last nuance of the expert physics, I don't, but a very large portion is understanable.:-http://profmattstrassler.com/-"But in this post, I'm going to assume assume assume that BICEP2′s results are correct, or essentially correct, and are being correctly interpreted. Let's assume that [here's a primer on yesterday's result that defines these terms]
 â- they really have detected "B-mode polarization" in the "CMB" [Cosmic Microwave Background, the photons (particles of light) that are the ancient, cool glow leftover from the Hot Big Bang]
 â- that this B-mode polarization really is a sign of gravitational waves generated during a brief but dramatic period of cosmic inflation that immediately preceded the Hot Big Bang,-"A puzzle that bothered scientists for decades, as to how the observable patch of the universe (i.e. the part that we can actually observe today; the universe may be much, much larger than this — see here) could be so uniform, would indeed be firmly solved, by a period of cosmic inflation. The extremely flat geometry of the universe would also now be firmly explained.
 
"We would also have confirmation about how the universe became hot — about how the Hot Big Bang got started. The picture would be this: a large amount of dark energy first makes the universe big, via inflation, and then the dark energy turns into energetic particles, making the universe hot (and still expanding, albeit more and more slowly [until relatively recently]). Some people like to say that inflation puts the "Bang" in "Big Bang", but remember that it also makes the universe flat and uniform and huge (typically much larger than the observable patch) before it heats it up.
 
"The existence of cosmic inflation would itself be another feather in the cap of Einstein's theory of gravity — since it is Einstein's theory that predicts that the presence of a positive cosmological "constant" [not necessarily constant], also known as "dark `energy' " [not really energy, but energy density and negative pressure in just the right combination] actually causes the universe to expand, rather than (as we'd naively expect from gravity) contract."

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by David Turell @, Wednesday, March 26, 2014, 13:24 (3895 days ago) @ David Turell

Note my bolded area. It allows you to believe what you want without any sense of a proof:-"So if people tells you that the universe started in such and such a way, perhaps "with a singularity" or "with a quantum fluctuation out of nothing" or "in the Big Crunch (i.e. the collapse) of a previous phase of the universe", remember that they're telling you about the red zone. They're neglecting to tell you that what they're saying is pure theory, with neither an experiment to back it up nor a clear theoretical reason to believe their suggestion is unique and preferable over someone else's alternative. Only a bit later in cosmic history, once we focus on the late stages of inflation, and forward in time from there to nucleosynthesis, do we have both data (cosmological observation and particle physics collisions) and reasonably reliable theory (Einstein's theory of gravity plus the Standard Model of particle physics). Our confidence grows as time moves forward, the observable patch of the universe cools, and physics becomes of a sort that we've tested in numerous experiments already.
 
"From this, I hope that you can see that the Big Bang Theory really isn't a single, undifferentiated structure. The most reliable part of the theory is that there was, at one point, a Hot stage of the Big Bang. (Some people call that the Big Bang, in fact.) If BICEP2′s measurement is accurate, and correctly interpreted, then the reliable portion of the theory may then include a period of inflation that preceded the Hot Big Bang. (Some people would call "inflation plus the Hot Big Bang" the "Big Bang".) But anything before inflation is not in the least reliable... in particular, the notion that the universe's heat and density increased to the extent that Einstein's equations have a singularity, presumably indicating that they're not sufficient to describe what was going on, is an assumption"-
http://profmattstrassler.com/2014/03/26/which-parts-of-the-big-bang-theory-are-reliable/

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by George Jelliss ⌂ @, Crewe, Tuesday, April 08, 2014, 19:16 (3882 days ago) @ David Turell

I've started to read Max Tegmark's book 
"Our Mathematical Universe". 
It seems all his ideas of multiverses 
are extrapolations of the inflation theory. 
I cannot help but think there must be 
some alternative to inflation that explains the same things 
without leading to these absurdities. 
A lot of it comes down to notions of infinity.-Just came across this:-http://www.lulu.com/shop/donald-wortzman/the-gyroverse-the-hidden-structure-of-the-universe/hardcover/product-21399091.html-Claims to have an alternative solution, the "Gyroverse".
Probably just crack-brain stuff, but you never know ....

--
GPJ

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by David Turell @, Tuesday, April 08, 2014, 20:08 (3882 days ago) @ George Jelliss

George: I've started to read Max Tegmark's book 
> "Our Mathematical Universe". 
> It seems all his ideas of multiverses 
> are extrapolations of the inflation theory. 
> 
> A lot of it comes down to notions of infinity.-But the new findings of gravity waves, not yet confirmed, is said to support inflation theory.
> 
> George: Just came across this:
> 
> http://www.lulu.com/shop/donald-wortzman/the-gyroverse-the-hidden-structure-of-the-univ... 
> Claims to have an alternative solution, the "Gyroverse".
> Probably just crack-brain stuff, but you never know ....-Since he is using 12 dimensions, he is sticking with string/membrane theory. That makes it just speculation.

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by David Turell @, Wednesday, April 30, 2014, 14:16 (3860 days ago) @ David Turell

More on gravitational waves noted in the past and current efforts to prove them completely.
 
http://profmattstrassler.com/2014/04/30/did-bicep2-detect-gravitational-waves-directly-...

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by David Turell @, Monday, May 19, 2014, 14:48 (3841 days ago) @ David Turell

More discussion on Bicep2 and how tentative the gravitational wave finding is.-http://profmattstrassler.com/2014/05/19/will-bicep2-lose-some-of-its-muscle/

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by David Turell @, Thursday, May 08, 2014, 15:49 (3852 days ago) @ David Turell

This is a discussion of our space as a virtual vacuum. In fact the prediction is that there may be two type of vacuums (vacua) based on Higgs calculations. Very exotic theories, but our space is not empty containing fields and quantum fluctuations. I would point out, from a philosophic viewpoint, that as our universe expands it is expanding into total void. We are all that is.-http://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/theories-and-vacua/

More Matt Strassler: 'naturalness'

by David Turell @, Monday, November 17, 2014, 13:49 (3659 days ago) @ David Turell

Trying to tie the Standard model to everything else:-http://profmattstrassler.com/2014/11/17/at-the-naturalness-2014-conference/

More Matt Strassler: LHC hunts dark matter

by David Turell @, Wednesday, April 15, 2015, 15:09 (3510 days ago) @ David Turell

How the LHC might have a hint in finding it. Consensus science. Some hedges in the article, second ion a series of three:-http://profmattstrassler.com/2015/04/15/more-on-dark-matter-and-the-large-hadron-collider/-"Now if you'd like to drop the dark matter idea, the question you have to ask is this: could the simulations still give a universe similar to ours if you took dark matter out and instead modified Einstein's gravity somehow? [Usually this type of change goes under the name of MOND.]-"In the simulation, gravity causes the dark matter, which is “cold” (cosmo-speak for “made from objects traveling much slower than light speed”), to form filamentary structures that then serve as the seeds for gas to clump and form galaxies. So if you want to take the dark matter out, and instead change gravity to explain other features that are normally explained by dark matter, you have a challenge. You are in danger of not creating the filamentary structure seen in our universe. Somehow your change in the equations for gravity has to cause the gas to form galaxies along filaments, and do so in the time allotted. Otherwise it won't lead to the type of universe that we actually live in.-"Challenging, yes. Challenging is not the same as impossible. But everyone one should understand that the arguments in favor of dark matter are by no means limited to the questions of how stars move in galaxies and how galaxies move in galaxy clusters. Any implementation of MOND has to explain a lot of other things that, in most experts' eyes, are efficiently taken care of by cold dark matter."

More Matt Strassler: LHC hunts dark matter

by David Turell @, Monday, April 20, 2015, 13:55 (3505 days ago) @ David Turell

Final article on LHC hunt for dark matter, not an easy search:-http://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/relativity-space-astronomy-and-cosmology/dark-matter/searching-for-dark-matter-at-the-lhc/#twomoreexamples-"Only if and when we get enough information from the LHC (or future particle colliders) to formulate clear hypotheses for how the new particles might behave, and obtain clear predictions for what is expected in other experiments, and only if one of those other experiments clearly confirms at least one of these predictions, can we start to talk seriously about dark matter having been discovered at the LHC.-"Could this happen, and could it happen soon? Sure. But as you can tell, it requires several fortunate things to happen in a row, so while it's not impossible, don't hold your breath. More likely, if it happens, it will take quite a while, perhaps decades. And if dark matter is made of particles that LHC can't produce, or isn't made of particles at all, or simply doesn't exist — well, LHC won't tell us that. It will simply remain silent on the matter. So we're hopeful, and they'll search, but many other approaches toward solving the great puzzles of the universe also need to be pursued."

More Matt Strassler: LHC hunts dark matter

by David Turell @, Friday, June 19, 2015, 00:18 (3446 days ago) @ David Turell

Does it really exist? It is never seen but its mass explains the speed of galaxy rotation:-http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630263.000-chasing-shadows-how-long-can-we-keep-looking-for-dark-matter.html#.VYNV92DbK1t-"Perhaps we have simply been looking for the wrong thing. Perhaps dark matter particles are very massive, rather than fairly light, as many assume. The first experiments are now under way to detect any such "superheavy" dark matter that might have been created when the universe was just getting started.-"Or perhaps the true identity of dark matter is so unexpected that we haven't even thought to look for it, despite potential evidence lurking somewhere in the vast quantities of data from the LHC.-"Or perhaps we have embarked on one of those quixotic quests that mark the history of physics. At the beginnings of cosmology, Ptolemy devised a model of planetary motion that closely fitted observations. For more than a millennium, his successors adjusted these "epicycles" for new-found anomalies. Their laudable commitment and ingenuity was to increasingly little effect. In the end, Copernicus and Kepler blew the whole thing away - though it took a while for their model to be accepted.-"A more recent parallel comes from the search for luminiferous ether, the all-pervading substance once thought to be the medium for light. When Albert Michelson and Edward Morley failed to detect it in 1887, they didn't declare that the world needed a new theory for the propagation of light. Instead, they and others built a series of bigger and better instruments to find it. Eventually special relativity abolished the anomaly - but many etherists carried on looking regardless.-"Can we be sure we're not in their position, looking for something that isn't there? Well, there is no robust alternative to dark matter; plans to resolve the cosmic anomalies by other means, such as modified gravity are not well-attested."

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