A new cosmology approach (Introduction)

by David Turell @, Thursday, February 27, 2014, 21:30 (3922 days ago)

Treatng spacetime as a liquid:-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/big-bang-secrets-swirling-in-a-fluid-universe/?&WT.mc_id=SA_SPC_20140227

A new cosmology approach

by David Turell @, Saturday, March 07, 2015, 14:49 (3549 days ago) @ David Turell

Treating cosmology as information. This is done by calculating the position of each and every star as information. As usual it doesn't work at the quantum level:-https://medium.com/the-physics-arxiv-blog/how-the-nature-of-information-could-resolve-one-of-the-great-paradoxes-of-cosmology-8c16fc714756-This is why I follow the principal that God is hidden behind the quantum wall of uncertainty.-"One of the biggest puzzles in science is the cosmological constant paradox. This arises when physicists attempt to calculate the energy density of the universe from first principles. Using quantum mechanics, the number they come up with is 10^94 g/cm^3.-"And yet the observed energy density, calculated from the density of mass in the cosmos and the way the universe is expanding, is about 10^-27 g/cm^3. In other words, our best theory of the universe misses the mark by 120 orders of magnitude.-"That's left cosmologists somewhat red-faced. Indeed, Stephen Hawking has famously described this as the most spectacular failure of any physical theory in history. This huge discrepancy is all the more puzzling because quantum mechanics makes such accurate predictions in other circumstances. Just why it goes so badly wrong here is unknown.-"Today, Chris Fields, an independent researcher formerly with New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, puts forward a simple explanation. His idea is that the discrepancy arises because large objects, such as planets and stars, behave classically rather than demonstrating quantum properties. And he's provided some simple calculations to make his case.-.................-"Beyond this is the even deeper question of how the universe came to be classical at all, given that cosmologists would have us believe that the big bang was a quantum process. Fields suggests that it is the interaction between the cosmic microwave background and the rest of the universe that causes the quantum nature of the universe to decohere and become classical.-"Perhaps. What is all too clear is that there are fundamental and fascinating problems in cosmology?—?and the role that information plays in reality."

A new cosmology approach: time's arrow

by David Turell @, Sunday, July 19, 2015, 22:18 (3415 days ago) @ David Turell

Lee Smolin believes time's arrow is real and fundamental:-http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/physics/2015/07/how-time-got-its-arrow/- Now, I believe that by taking time to be fundamental, we might be able to understand how general relativity and the standard model emerge from a deeper theory, why time only goes one way, and how the universe was born.- Why, if the laws are reversible, is the universe so dominated by irreversible processes? Why does the second law of thermodynamics hold so universally?-Gravity is one part of the answer. The second law tells us that the entropy of a closed system, which is a measure of disorder or randomness in the motions of the atoms making up that system, will most likely increase until a state of maximum disorder is reached. This state is called equilibrium. Once it is reached, the system is as mixed as possible, so all parts have the same temperature and all the elements are equally distributed. -But on large scales, the universe is far from equilibrium. Galaxies like ours are continually forming stars, turning nuclear potential energy into heat and light, as they drive the irreversible flows of energy and materials that characterize the galactic disks. On these large scales, gravity fights the decay to equilibrium by causing matter to clump,,creating subsystems like stars and planets. 
But this is only part of the answer to why the universe is out of equilibrium. There remains the mystery of why the universe at the big bang was not created in equilibrium to start with, for the picture of the universe given us by observations requires that the universe be created in an extremely improbable state—very far from equilibrium. Why?-So when we say that our universe started off in a state far from equilibrium, we are saying that it started off in a state that would be very improbable, were the initial state chosen randomly from the set of all possible states. Yet we must accept this vast improbability to explain the ubiquity of irreversible processes in our world in terms of the reversible laws we know. -In particular, the conditions present in the early universe, being far from equilibrium, are highly irreversible. Run the early universe backwards to a big crunch and they look nothing like the late universe that might be in our future. 
This is a version of a kind of model called a causal set model, in which the history of the universe is considered to be a discrete set of events related only by cause-and-effect. Our model was different from earlier models, though. In it, events are created by a process which maximizes their uniqueness. More precisely, the process produces a universe created by events, each of which is different from all the others. Space is not fundamental, only the events and the causal process that creates them are fundamental. But if space is not fundamental, energy is. The events each have a quantity of energy, which they gain from their predecessors and pass on to their successors. Everything else in the world emerges from these events and the energy they convey. (my bold)-***-Very recently I found still another way to modify the laws of general relativity to make them irreversible. General relativity incorporates effects of two fixed constants of nature, Newton's constant, which measures the strength of the gravitational force, and the cosmological constant, which measures the density of energy in empty space. Usually these both are fixed constants, but I found a way they could evolve in time without destroying the beautiful harmony and consistency of the Einstein equations of general relativity.-These developments are very recent and are far from demonstrating that the irreversibility we see around us is a reflection of a fundamental arrow of time. But they open a way to an understanding of how time got its direction that does not rely on our universe being a consequence of a cosmic accident. (my bold)-Comment: if the universe is not an accident what is it, a creation?

A new cosmology approach: space was knotted tubes

by David Turell @, Tuesday, November 28, 2017, 00:24 (2553 days ago) @ David Turell

A wild new theory:

http://bigthink.com/paul-ratner/why-the-world-has-three-dimensions?utm_source=Daily+New...

"A team of scientists proposed an unexpected theory about why we seem to have only three dimensions and why the universe inflated after the Big Bang. They think that shortly after the universe came into existence 13.8 billion years ago, it was filled with knots made from flux tubes - flexible strands of energy that bind together elementary particles.

"Their insight comes from combining particles physics with mathematical knot theory, a unique approach the came as an inspiration to one of the team members.

"The initial primordial soup, called the quark-gluon plasma, consisted of elementary particles called quarks, which make up protons and neutrons, and gluons, the particles that “glue” the quarks. Gluons connect quarks to corresponding antiquarks with flux tubes.

"What the scientists theorize is that the primordial soup of the early universe would have had myriads of flux tubes being formed. While normally the flux tubes disappear when quarks and antiquarks meet, they can continue to live if the tubes get intertwined and form a knot.

"This is what happened in the high energy environment after the Big Bang, say the scientists. The whole universe was possibly filled with a network of flux tubes that were knotted together. This network would had the internal energy to drive cosmic inflation.

"'Not only does our flux tube network provide the energy needed to drive inflation, it also explains why it stopped so abruptly," said one of the study’s authors, Thomas Kephart of Vanderbilt University. "As the universe began expanding, the flux-tube network began decaying and eventually broke apart, eliminating the energy source that was powering the expansion."

"What the scientists think is that the resulting structure was the one that was stable, explaining why there are no more dimensions. If more were added, the stability of the process would disappear.

“'Of all possible dimensionalities of space, our mechanism picks out three as the only number of dimensions that can inflate and thus become large,” the team wrote. “This model may explain why we live in three large spatial dimensions, since knotted/linked tubes are topologically unstable in higher-dimensional space-times.'”

Comment: How do they prove this one?

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-017-5253-3

The author's conclusion says they have methods of study:

"A knotted/linked flux tube network formed in a QCD-like phase transition can provide a natural source of inflation and is one of the few scenarios not requiring a fundamental scalar field. Furthermore, this model may explain why we live in three large spatial dimensions, since knotted/linked tubes are topologically unstable in higher-dimensional space-times. This picture may also be applied to a model of dark energy, which would eliminate the need for an ultra-light scalar field.

"Although exact solutions in such models are unavailable, appropriate approximations should be enough to establish the main qualitative features. A key advantage of this model is that its underlying building block, the Abelian or non-Abelian flux tube, is a quantity that has been extensively studied and there are many tools and methodologies available to further explore it. We will present a more detailed analysis based on the Abelian Abrikosov–Nielsen–Olesen model elsewhere."

Comment: How do you study those tubes if they are now gone?

A new cosmology approach: explaining matter only

by David Turell @, Wednesday, November 14, 2018, 01:22 (2202 days ago) @ David Turell

The Standard Model tells us there should be equal parts of matter and antimatter, but there is only matter. The Higgs particle plays a big role in this new approach to t heory:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181113110408.htm

"In the Standard Model of particle physics, there is almost no difference between matter and antimatter. But there is an abundance of evidence that our observable universe is made up only of matter -- if there was any antimatter, it would annihilate with nearby matter to produce very high intensity gamma radiation, which has not been observed. Therefore, figuring out how we ended up with an abundance of only matter is one of the biggest open questions in particle physics.

"Because of this and other gaps in the Standard Model, physicists are considering theories which add a few extra particles in ways that will help to solve the problem. One of these models is called the Two Higgs Doublet Model, which, despite the name, actually adds four extra particles. This model can be made to agree with all particle physics observations made so far, including ones from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, but it was unclear whether it could also solve the problem of the matter-antimatter imbalance.

***

"About ten picoseconds after the Big Bang -- right about the time the Higgs boson was turning on -- the universe was a hot plasma of particles.

"'The technique of dimensional reduction lets us replace the theory which describes this hot plasma with a simpler quantum theory with a set of rules that all the particles must follow," explains Dr. David Weir, the corresponding author of the article.

"'It turns out that the heavier, slower-moving particles don't matter very much when these new rules are imposed, so we end up with a much less complicated theory."

"This theory can then be studied with computer simulations, which provide a clear picture of what happened. In particular, they can tell us how violently out of equilibrium the universe was when the Higgs boson turned on. This is important for determining whether there was scope for producing the matter-antimatter asymmetry at this time in the history of the universe using the Two Higgs Doublet Model.

"'Our results showed that it is indeed possible to explain the absence of antimatter and remain in agreement with existing observations," Dr. Weir remarks. Importantly, by making use of dimensional reduction, the new approach was completely independent of any previous work in this model.

"If the Higgs boson turned on in such a violent way, it would have left echoes. As the bubbles of the new phase of the universe nucleated, much like clouds, and expanded until the universe was like an overcast sky, the collisions between the bubbles would have produced lots of gravitational waves. Researchers at the University of Helsinki and elsewhere are now gearing up to look for these gravitational waves at missions such as the European LISA project."

Comment: Note it all starts with pure particle plasma (in bold). The theory needs to find the suggested particles. It will take much research to find if they are on to something. It still looks like a designed universe to me. Could our special universe arrive by chance? Not likely

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