genome evolution (Introduction)
by David Turell 
, Tuesday, February 25, 2014, 15:44 (3924 days ago)
Trying to determine how intformation and patterns changed from early evolution to later. Note life is based on information:-"The pair is using a technique called phylometabolic analysis, which combines the building of gene-based family trees of relatedness (called phylogenies) with reconstruction of chemical metabolic networks. This lets the researchers "see not just what information is changing, but how specific driving forces are changing the underlying chemical networks encoded by those genes," explains Braakman. (my bold) Their research, published February 5 in PLOS ONE, highlights three main drivers of evolution: optimizing kinetics, either by replacing generalist enzymes with multiple, specialized enzymes or by fusing successive enzymes in a pathway together to minimize diffusion; and optimizing thermodynamics by choosing pathways that use less energy. These drivers, they say, evoke a major tradeoff in evolution ... speed versus efficiency ... and suggest that early ancestors probably started with a smaller assortment of enzymes, each of which could weakly catalyze many different reactions."- Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2014-02-chemical-subsystems-metabolism.html#jCp
genome evolution; endpoint conclusion
by David Turell , Monday, March 24, 2014, 21:44 (3897 days ago) @ David Turell
The gene is just a polypeptide producer. There is so much more complexity based on energy transfers:-http://www.uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/new-royal-society-paper-demotes-genes-merely-a-means-of-specifying-polypeptides/-"The sequencing of the human genome raises two intriguing questions: why has the prediction of the inheritance of common diseases from the presence of abnormal alleles proved so unrewarding in most cases and how can some 25 000 genes generate such a rich complexity evident in the human phenotype? It is proposed that light can be shed on these questions by viewing evolution and organisms as natural processes contingent on the second law of thermodynamics, equivalent to the principle of least action in its original form. Consequently, natural selection acts on variation in any mechanism that consumes energy from the environment rather than on genetic variation. According to this tenet cellular phenotype, represented by a minimum free energy attractor state comprising active gene products, has a causal role in giving rise, by a self-similar process of cell-to-cell interaction, to morphology and functionality in organisms,which, in turn, by a self-similar process entailing Darwin's proportional numbers are influencing their ecosystems. Thus, genes are merely a means of specifying polypeptides: those that serve free energy consumption in a given surroundings contribute to cellular phenotype as determined by the phenotype. In such natural processes, everything depends on everything else, and phenotypes are emergent properties of their systems."-http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/94/20131017.full.html#ref-list-1