Beyond Higgs (Introduction)

by David Turell @, Thursday, November 15, 2012, 01:02 (4393 days ago)

The LHC has now found another set of particle actions, supported by and confirming the Standard Model, but not supporting supersymmetry:-http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/11/13/lhc-experiment-yields-no-insight-into-post-higgs-physics/?WT_mc_id=SA_DD_20121114

Beyond Higgs

by David Turell @, Friday, November 30, 2012, 00:33 (4378 days ago) @ David Turell

No evidence of supersymmetry so far. May require a new theory:-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=supersymmetry-fails-test-forcing-physics-seek-new-idea&page=3-Where are the partner particles?

Beyond Higgs

by dhw, Saturday, December 01, 2012, 18:31 (4376 days ago) @ David Turell

DAVID: No evidence of supersymmetry so far. May require a new theory:-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=supersymmetry-fails-test-forcing-physi...-QUOTE: If nothing new turns up — an outcome casually referred to as the "nightmare scenario" — physicists will be left with the same holes that riddled their picture of the universe three decades ago, before supersymmetry neatly plugged them. And, without an even higher-energy collider to test alternative ideas, Falkowski says, the field will undergo a slow decay: "The number of jobs in particle physics will steadily decrease, and particle physicists will die out naturally."-I believe the process is called Natural Selection.-QUOTE: Greene offers a brighter outlook. "Science is this wonderfully self-correcting enterprise," he said. "Ideas that are wrong get weeded out in time because they are not fruitful or because they are leading us to dead ends. That happens in a wonderfully internal way. People continue to work on what they find fascinating, and science meanders toward truth."-Well, does it? The trouble is, scientists congratulate themselves on discovering the truth, and then they congratulate themselves when they discover that...um...the truth actually wasn't the truth. So with this "wonderfully self-correcting enterprise", how can anyone know at any given moment what IS the truth?-DAVID: Under "Finding Dark Matter" -http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=dark-matter-mystery&page=2-QUOTE: "The things we thought were higher probability haven't shown up yet, so we should keep an open mind," said theoretical physicist Lance Dixon of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in California.-Keep the dark matter hope alive-Despite the difficulty of finding dark matter, whatever it is, physicists say they're not discouraged.
"I'm pretty confident that dark matter is real, and it seems attractive for it to be carried by an elementary particle, although I could think it might not be exactly that way," Dixon said. "We might not be lucky that the elementary particle that is one that is within the realm of detection."-So physicists don't know what dark matter is, they don't know if they can find it, and actually they don't know if it exists, but they kind of hope it does. I wonder how many of them laugh at theists, who have a similar problem.

Beyond Higgs

by David Turell @, Saturday, December 01, 2012, 18:49 (4376 days ago) @ dhw


> Well, does it? The trouble is, scientists congratulate themselves on discovering the truth, and then they congratulate themselves when they discover that...um...the truth actually wasn't the truth. So with this "wonderfully self-correcting enterprise", how can anyone know at any given moment what IS the truth?-The easy stuff was done last century. They have to keep pounding on matter in the LHC's to see what else might underlie matter. Not all the energy particles have been found, so the family is incomplete. What is presently known is coherent.

Beyond Higgs

by David Turell @, Tuesday, March 12, 2013, 17:34 (4275 days ago) @ David Turell

It really is a Higgs, not just higgs-like:-http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23265-mystery-boson-earns-higgs-status-thanks-to-w-particle.html

Beyond Higgs

by David Turell @, Monday, March 18, 2013, 19:17 (4269 days ago) @ David Turell

More commentary. it is the real Higgs, as predicted. Are there other strange Higgs out there?:-http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2013/03/15/its-official-weve-found-the-higgs-boson-but-which-one/?WT_mc_id=SA_DD_20130318

Beyond Higgs: the end

by David Turell @, Tuesday, March 26, 2013, 20:49 (4261 days ago) @ David Turell

How stable is the universe. When will it end. Not for a long time. Quantum theories about stability. we don't know why the Higgs is at the size it is, but standard model theory says it is about right.:-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-the-higgs-boson-might-spell-doom-for-the-universe&WT.mc_id=SA_DD_20130326

Beyond Higgs: multiverses

by David Turell @, Monday, June 03, 2013, 20:16 (4192 days ago) @ David Turell

The Higgs gave no satisfactory answers, so some physicists decalre there must be a multiverse, because they cannot explain the extreme fine tuning already found. What is wrong with a designer universe?-
http://www.scientificaerican.com/article.cfm?id=new-physics-complications-lend-support-to-multiverse-hypothesis

Beyond Higgs: five Higgs

by David Turell @, Tuesday, July 02, 2013, 15:10 (4163 days ago) @ David Turell

Two characteristics are partial proof of Higgs. String theory says we nay have to find five of them:-http://phys.org/news/2013-07-higgs-evidence-mounts-year-suspense.html

Beyond Higgs: 2 new baryons found at LHC

by David Turell @, Thursday, February 12, 2015, 20:10 (3573 days ago) @ David Turell

"So far, the newfound baryons behave according to QCD and to the larger “standard model” of physics, which describes all the known particles in the universe. Yet scientists know that the standard model cannot be the final word, because it does not account for dark matter—the invisible material that seems to dwarf normal matter in the cosmos. By making increasingly precise measurements of all the predictions of the standard model, researchers hope eventually to find cracks that lead the way to a larger theory to supersede it. “These two particles themselves are perfectly standard-model and expected,” Charles says, “but we're hoping that we will be able to build on these in the long run to move beyond the standard model.”
 
"The Xib particles, like all new species discovered at the LHC (including the famed Higgs boson), arose in the aftermath of collisions between speeding protons inside the accelerator's 27-kilometer underground ring. When the protons disintegrate, their mass and energy is converted into new particles. The higher a collision's energy, the more massive newly appearing particles can be. This spring the LHC will rev up again at higher energies than ever before, following a two-year hiatus for upgrades. Those higher energies should allow more and heavier particles to arise than earlier runs saw, potentially revealing exotic particles that finally push the bounds of the standard model."-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-particles-found-at-large-hadron-collider/?WT.mc_id=SA_DD_20150212

Beyond Higgs: Another matter/antimatter theory

by David Turell @, Friday, February 20, 2015, 20:38 (3565 days ago) @ David Turell
edited by dhw, Saturday, February 21, 2015, 09:03

A changing Higgs in the early universe might have set up the imbalance of much more matter than antimatter:-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/higgs-boson-could-explain-antimatter/?WT.mc_id=SA_DD_20150220-"The Higgs field is thought to pervade all of space and imbue particles that pass through it with mass, akin to the way liquid dye gives Easter eggs color when they are dunked in. If the Higgs field started off with a very high value in the early universe and decreased to its current lower value over time, it might have briefly differentiated the masses of particles from their antiparticles along the way—an anomaly, because antimatter today is characterized by having the same mass but opposite charge as its matter counterpart. This difference in mass, in turn, could have made matter particles more likely to form than antimatter in the cosmos' early days, producing the excess of matter we see today. “It is a nice idea that deserves further study,” says physicist Kari Enqvist of the University of Helsinki, who was not involved in the new study but who has also researched the possibility that the Higgs field lowered over time. “There is a very high probability for the Higgs field to have a high initial value after inflation.”"

Beyond Higgs: Another matter/antimatter theory

by David Turell @, Thursday, February 26, 2015, 05:13 (3560 days ago) @ David Turell

A changing Higgs in the early universe might have set up the imbalance of much more matter than antimatter:-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/higgs-boson-could-explain-antimatter/?WT.mc_i...-"The Higgs field is thought to pervade all of space and imbue particles that pass through it with mass, akin to the way liquid dye gives Easter eggs color when they are dunked in. If the Higgs field started off with a very high value in the early universe and decreased to its current lower value over time, it might have briefly differentiated the masses of particles from their antiparticles along the way—an anomaly, because antimatter today is characterized by having the same mass but opposite charge as its matter counterpart. This difference in mass, in turn, could have made matter particles more likely to form than antimatter in the cosmos' early days, producing the excess of matter we see today." -
A similar approach: more forceful Higgs early on:-
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150225132255.htm-"If a particle and an antiparticle meet, they disappear by emitting two photons or a pair of some other particles. In the "primordial soup" that existed after the Big Bang, there were almost equal amounts of particles of antiparticles, except for a tiny asymmetry: one particle per 10 billion. As the universe cooled, the particles and antiparticles annihilated each other in equal numbers, and only a tiny number of particles remained; this tiny amount is all the stars and planets, and gas in today's universe, said Kusenko, who is also a senior scientist with the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe.-"The research also is highlighted by Physical Review Letters in a commentary in the current issue.-"The 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson particle was hailed as one of the great scientific accomplishments of recent decades. The Higgs boson was first postulated some 50 years ago as a crucial element of the modern theory of the forces of nature, and is, physicists say, what gives everything in the universe mass. Physicists at the LHC measured the particle's mass and found its value to be peculiar; it is consistent with the possibility that the Higgs field in the first moments of the Big Bang was much larger than its "equilibrium value" observed today.-"The Higgs field "had to descend to the equilibrium, in a process of 'Higgs relaxation,'" said Kusenko, the lead author of the UCLA research."

Beyond Higgs: final proof difficult

by David Turell @, Wednesday, June 29, 2016, 14:47 (3070 days ago) @ David Turell

The Higgs should produce two bottom quarks. They have not been found but are extremely difficult to spot:-http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/the-higgs-shaped-elephant-in-the-room-"But the particles that led to the Higgs discovery were actually some of the boson's less common progeny. After recording several million collisions, scientists identified a handful of Z bosons and photons with a Higgs-like origin. The Standard Model of particle physics predicts that Higgs bosons produce those particles 2.5 and 0.2 percent of the time. Physicists later identified Higgs bosons decaying into W bosons, which happens about 21 percent of the time.-"According to the Standard Model, the most common decay of the Higgs boson should be a transformation into a pair of bottom quarks. This should happen about 60 percent of the time.-"The strange thing is, scientists have yet to discover it happening (though they have seen evidence).-"According to Harvard researcher John Huth, a member of the ATLAS experiment, seeing the Higgs turning into bottom quarks is priority No. 1 for Higgs boson research.-“'It would behoove us to find the Higgs decaying to bottom quarks because this is the largest interaction,” Huth says, “and it darn well better be there.”-"If the Higgs to bottom quarks decay were not there, scientists would be left completely dumbfounded.-***-"To be fair, the decay of a Higgs to two bottom quarks is difficult to spot.-"When a dying Higgs boson produces twin Z or W bosons, they each decay into a pair of muons or electrons. These particles leave crystal clear signals in the detectors, making it easy for scientists to spot them and track their lineage. And because photons are essentially immortal beams of light, scientists can immediately spot them and record their trajectory and energy with electromagnetic detectors.-"But when a Higgs births a pair of bottom quarks, they impulsively marry other quarks, generating huge unstable families which bourgeon, break and reform. This chaotic cascade leaves a messy ancestry.-***-"Bottom quarks produce jets of particles with all kinds and colors and flavors,” Mallik says. “There are fat jets, narrow gets, distinct jets and overlapping jets. Just to find the original bottom quarks, we need to look at all of the jet's characteristics. This is a complex problem with a lot of people working on it.”-"This year the LHC will produce five times more data than it did last year and will generate Higgs bosons 25 percent faster. Scientists expect that by August they will be able to identify this prominent decay of the Higgs and find out what it can tell them about the properties of this unique particle."-Comment: dhw and I spend mucho time debating the complexities of evolution which defy logic. Note here the complexities of the zoo of the underlying particles of our reality. I could ask dhw the same question he always poses about God's possible actions and motives in living evolution as too complex, too cumbersome, and therefore not reasonable. dhw, how reasonable do you find the particle zoo complexity which is well known, well described, and will probably find the missing bottom quarks? We have described these arrangements perfectly, but no one can give a reason for this arrangement. As in evolution we have no explanation as to why God did it this way. We must just accept it.

Beyond Higgs: new findings

by David Turell @, Wednesday, June 06, 2018, 20:47 (2363 days ago) @ David Turell

The Higgs has given off top quarks and an anti-top quark, heavy particles:

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/new-higgs-boson-observations-reveal-c...

"Today physicists reported an important observation that could help us understand this fascinating particle and clarify the origins of the mass. Using the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world’s most powerful particle accelerator, located at the CERN laboratory on the French–Swiss border, scientists observed collisions that produced not only Higgs bosons, but also a top quark and its antimatter counterpart, an anti–top quark.

"These quarks are the heaviest known fundamental particles and had never before been seen along with Higgs bosons as the products of a collision. I am a scientist on one of the teams behind the announcement and we are all very excited. Until these measurements we had only indirect evidence of how top quarks and Higgs bosons interact. Now we can see these dealings up close.

***

"The reason for this is subtle. The Higgs boson’s own mass comes from two sources: one part arises directly from its interactions with the Higgs field, but there is another indirect contribution. Like all subatomic particles, the Higgs boson can briefly transform into other particles—for instance, top quarks, W and Z bosons, and even pairs of Higgs bosons. While in this fluctuated state these transformed particles can also interact with the Higgs field and indirectly contribute to the Higgs boson’s mass.

"This contribution to the Higgs mass is expected to be enormous, unless the effects of the top quark and the W, Z and Higgs bosons can cancel out this mass very precisely. For now that seems unlikely (and certainly unexplained), so this presents a serious mystery. Thus, it is important to understand the interaction between Higgs bosons and top quarks to try to shed some light on this pressing conundrum.

"Aside from the unanswered questions regarding the mass of the Higgs boson itself, there is another reason to be interested in the relationship between the top quark and the Higgs boson. The top quark is the particle that interacts most with the Higgs field—we know this because it is the heaviest known particle, and particles gain mass according to how strongly they deal with the field.

"The intimate relationship between the top quark and the Higgs may offer us a favored route for discovering new particles in nature. Because of the mystery remaining around how the Higgs generates mass, it is entirely likely that undiscovered particles will first appear in collisions in which the Higgs field plays a prominent role. Thus, events in which the top quark and Higgs boson simultaneously appear are an attractive laboratory to investigate new physics."

Comment: Even though a bigger LHC is needed for higher energy particles, discoveries within the standard model, discoveries continue.

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