Evolution of multicellularity (Introduction)

by David Turell @, Wednesday, October 24, 2012, 15:40 (4414 days ago)

There is no known mechanism for the jump from the very successful unicellular organisms to multicellular. Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years or so, very successful at their level of development. Each cell is highly complex. Yet multicellularity developed. Gould's excuse was that it was the only direction complexity could take, bacteria were as simple as it could get.-Here is a study that finds a unicellular organism that will clump when the right diet of a certain bacterium is available. Not a really good reason for multicellarity to develop, but a novel way it might have started.-http://phys.org/news/2012-10-bacteria-evolution-multicellular-life.html-The problem is the Cambrian Explosion. Sheets or tubes of simple cells beforehand and total complexity with many cell types afterward.Nothing stepwise.

Evolution of multicellularity

by David Turell @, Wednesday, October 24, 2012, 17:28 (4414 days ago) @ David Turell

There is no known mechanism for the jump from the very successful unicellular organisms to multicellular. -Here is James Shapiro explaining how bacteria cooperate in a multicellular way. Perhaps this is how it happened:-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-a-shapiro/sociobacteriology-small-c_b_1963701.html

Evolution of multicellularity

by dhw, Thursday, October 25, 2012, 18:02 (4413 days ago) @ David Turell

DAVID: There is no known mechanism for the jump from the very successful unicellular organisms to multicellular. Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years or so, very successful at their level of development. Each cell is highly complex. Yet multicellularity developed. Gould's excuse was that it was the only direction complexity could take, bacteria were as simple as it could get.
 
Here is a study that finds a unicellular organism that will clump when the right diet of a certain bacterium is available. Not a really good reason for multicellarity to develop, but a novel way it might have started. -http://phys.org/news/2012-10-bacteria-evolution-multicellular-life.html -The problem is the Cambrian Explosion. Sheets or tubes of simple cells beforehand and total complexity with many cell types afterward. Nothing stepwise.-Both this article and the Shapiro one lay emphasis on single cells that combine. The cells also communicate with one another. If we anthropomorphize them for the sake of our own understanding, we have A & B saying to each other, "Hey, let's get together and build something new." And if the environment offers conditions suitable for a vast variety of innovations, you may have thousands of individual cells deciding to get together and build something new, while others just carry on as before. The Cambrian problem disappears, and of course there are no steps ... a new combination either works or it doesn't. We are back to the intelligent cell (or the Margulis concept of cooperation), and David if you could cloak my little fairy tale in suitably complex scientific jargon, you could then challenge the scientific community to find a better explanation.

Evolution of multicellularity

by David Turell @, Thursday, October 25, 2012, 18:50 (4413 days ago) @ dhw


> Both this article and the Shapiro one lay emphasis on single cells that combine. The cells also communicate with one another. If we anthropomorphize them for the sake of our own understanding, we have A & B saying to each other, "Hey, let's get together and build something new." And if the environment offers conditions suitable for a vast variety of innovations, you may have thousands of individual cells deciding to get together and build something new, while others just carry on as before. The Cambrian problem disappears, and of course there are no steps ... a new combination either works or it doesn't. We are back to the intelligent cell (or the Margulis concept of cooperation), and David if you could cloak my little fairy tale in suitably complex scientific jargon, you could then challenge the scientific community to find a better explanation.-Unfortunately a living organism contains million of cells and many different kinds of functioning cells. The cells themselves are very complex expressions of different parts of DNA. How they would negotiate to combine and organize from single cells to a mass of cells as described is beyond my comprehension. All examples we have of cooperation are relatvely simple. A cell swallows another cell and we have mitochondria. I'd love to know how a cell could swallow another cell and make a heart. That is a simple organ, a muscular sack with an electric system. Try for a liver or a kidney. They are both entire chemistry laboratories, disposing of waste and making hormones and other products at the same time, all under feedback loop controls. Yes, cells are obviously using intelligence. I keep asking where did the intelligence come from?

Evolution of multicellularity

by dhw, Friday, October 26, 2012, 17:55 (4412 days ago) @ David Turell

Dhw: We are back to the intelligent cell (or the Margulis concept of cooperation), and David if you could cloak my little fairy tale in suitably complex scientific jargon, you could then challenge the scientific community to find a better explanation.-DAVID: Unfortunately a living organism contains million of cells and many different kinds of functioning cells. The cells themselves are very complex expressions of different parts of DNA. How they would negotiate to combine and organize from single cells to a mass of cells as described is beyond my comprehension. All examples we have of cooperation are relatively simple. A cell swallows another cell and we have mitochondria. I'd love to know how a cell could swallow another cell and make a heart. That is a simple organ, a muscular sack with an electric system. Try for a liver or a kidney. They are both entire chemistry laboratories, disposing of waste and making hormones and other products at the same time, all under feedback loop controls. Yes, cells are obviously using intelligence. I keep asking where did the intelligence come from?-I'm somewhat baffled by your claim that "all examples of cooperation are relatively simple". Isn't every organ a massive community of cells that cooperate, and isn't every body a mass of cell communities cooperating? The problem we are grappling with is how these communities came together in the first place, i.e. what is the mechanism that has made new organs and new organisms possible? You and I are highly sceptical about Darwin's random mutations, and instead I'm simply suggesting that the mutations are not random but guided by intelligence within the cells themselves. You finish up by agreeing ("yes, cells are obviously using intelligence") ... in which case, I don't understand why the rest of the paragraph is so negative, beginning with "unfortunately". Why is it unfortunate? I would have thought this was living proof that cells cooperate, and if they do so now, why should they not have done so over and over again in the past to create the organs and organisms we see now?-Where the intelligence came from initially is a separate question. Darwin didn't attempt to answer it in his Origin of Species, and my focus here is on the mechanics of evolution, not on first causes. To sum up: Darwinism proposes an endless series of random mutations, with a gradual flow of steady refinements, and Natural Selection deciding which of these should survive. The problems with this scenario lie firstly in its reliance on chance for innovation, secondly in the paucity of fossil evidence, and thirdly in leaps such as that from single cell to multicellularity or that of the Cambrian Explosion. If instead we follow the principle of intelligent cells cooperating to form new combinations in accordance with the latitude allowed by a changing environment, these problems disappear. Sometimes I get the impression that you agree, but then you seem to withdraw your support for the idea!

Evolution of multicellularity

by David Turell @, Friday, October 26, 2012, 18:34 (4412 days ago) @ dhw


> DAVID: Unfortunately a living organism contains million of cells and many different kinds of functioning cells. The cells themselves are very complex expressions of different parts of DNA. How they would negotiate to combine and organize from single cells to a mass of cells as described is beyond my comprehension. All examples we have of cooperation are relatively simple. A cell swallows another cell and we have mitochondria. I'd love to know how a cell could swallow another cell and make a heart. That is a simple organ, a muscular sack with an electric system. Try for a liver or a kidney. They are both entire chemistry laboratories, disposing of waste and making hormones and other products at the same time, all under feedback loop controls. Yes, cells are obviously using intelligence. I keep asking where did the intelligence come from?
> 
> dhw: I'm somewhat baffled by your claim that "all examples of cooperation are relatively simple". Isn't every organ a massive community of cells that cooperate, and isn't every body a mass of cell communities cooperating? -Without seeming to pull rank, my physician's view of complex organs is different than yours. Those organs are as complex as any factory you can find, including all the masterminds running and designing within it. Swallowing an organism to make a mitochondrium is simple by comparison. What is not so simple is creating the first organism and then the second swallowed organism. That was a miraculous job. Then the organs themselves have needs. Who sends blood and nerve supply, which are separate organs. I can't imagine a liver cell asking an arterial cell to send over some red blood cells before I die!-> 
> dhw: Where the intelligence came from initially is a separate question.-No, it isn't. Teaching your intelligent cells to work cooperatively is a monumental mental job. It takes an enormous amount of information to get that done. I agree cells are intelligent. I'm not willing to take your next step. Team play requires a coach. Ask any soccer team, any football team.-> dhw:If instead we follow the principle of intelligent cells cooperating to form new combinations in accordance with the latitude allowed by a changing environment, these problems disappear. Sometimes I get the impression that you agree, but then you seem to withdraw your support for the idea!-Your concept is way too simple, as I describe above.

Evolution of multicellularity

by dhw, Saturday, October 27, 2012, 19:50 (4411 days ago) @ David Turell

dhw: Where the intelligence came from initially is a separate question.-DAVID: No, it isn't. Teaching your intelligent cells to work cooperatively is a monumental mental job. It takes an enormous amount of information to get that done. I agree cells are intelligent. I'm not willing to take your next step. Team play requires a coach. Ask any soccer team, any football team.-But I have not taken a next step! As I tried to make clear in my summary at the end of my last post, I am only trying to understand the mechanisms that drive evolution, and to answer the difficult questions raised by the gaps in Darwin's explanations. If I were to say that a Universal Intelligence programmed cells to combine intelligently in adaptive and innovative ways, which eventually led to all the complex organs that make up life as we know it today, would you agree or disagree?-DAVID: (under Why no evolution): This strange worm is now in the process of being reevaluated as to classification, but stranger still it raises the question of why some organisms evolve and others don't. This guy is little changed from its beginning in the Cambrian Explosion 520 million years ago or so. We were equal to all the primates 10+ million years ago, but we were obviously more than equal. We evolved and they are still swinging in the trees and dragging their knuckles.-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=penis-worm-shakes-evolutionary-tree-Perhaps it's because innovations spring from intelligent responses to changing environments. Instead of Darwin's random mutations and gradual improvements, we have SOME cell communities inventing new ways to exploit new environments, while others remain unchanged because they can still manage perfectly well as they are. In other words, the old co-exists with the new. If I were to preface this remark by saying that cells are programmed by a Universal Intelligence to respond in various intelligent, inventive ways to environmental change, would you agree or disagree? What other answer can you offer to your own question?

Evolution of multicellularity

by David Turell @, Saturday, October 27, 2012, 22:46 (4411 days ago) @ dhw

dhw: If I were to say that a Universal Intelligence programmed cells to combine intelligently in adaptive and innovative ways, which eventually led to all the complex organs that make up life as we know it today, would you agree or disagree?
> dhw: If I were to preface this remark by saying that cells are programmed by a Universal Intelligence to respond in various intelligent, inventive ways to environmental change, would you agree or disagree? What other answer can you offer to your own question?-My answer is always the same. There is no way around concluding that information and intelligence are required for life to exist. The UI chose to arrange for life in its currect forms through an evolutionary process. But the inorganic reality of the universe also shows that the universe evolved and is still evolving into its current and future form. Perhaps evolution is a requirement of evolving creations, and there cannot be another way to do it.

Evolution of multicellularity

by dhw, Sunday, October 28, 2012, 19:17 (4410 days ago) @ David Turell

dhw: If I were to say that a Universal Intelligence programmed cells to combine intelligently in adaptive and innovative ways, which eventually led to all the complex organs that make up life as we know it today, would you agree or disagree?
dhw: If I were to preface this remark by saying that cells are programmed by a Universal Intelligence to respond in various intelligent, inventive ways to environmental change, would you agree or disagree? What other answer can you offer to your own question?-DAVID: My answer is always the same. There is no way around concluding that information and intelligence are required for life to exist. The UI chose to arrange for life in its currect forms through an evolutionary process. But the inorganic reality of the universe also shows that the universe evolved and is still evolving into its current and future form. Perhaps evolution is a requirement of evolving creations, and there cannot be another way to do it.-I take it, then, that the answer to the above (repeated) question is that you agree.

Evolution of multicellularity

by George Jelliss ⌂ @, Crewe, Sunday, October 28, 2012, 20:38 (4410 days ago) @ dhw

This discovery of bacteria that combine together to form electric cables may suggest that there are mechanistic explanations of the development of multicellularity.-http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2012/10/24/bacteria-living-electric-cables-centimetres/-Of course I find dhw's ideas that cells have minds or consciousness in some form rather too fanciful.

--
GPJ

Evolution of multicellularity

by David Turell @, Monday, October 29, 2012, 00:32 (4410 days ago) @ George Jelliss

This discovery of bacteria that combine together to form electric cables may suggest that there are mechanistic explanations of the development of multicellularity.
> 
> http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2012/10/24/bacteria-living-electric-... mentioned this phenomenon on Oct. 25th 16:20. My thought was this might have been an early attempt at very elemental nerve tissue, another evidence of convegence, a la' Simon Conway Morris. -What I don't understand is your comment that this is mechanistic or even an attempt at multicellularity. I didn't include it in this subject. But is nice to have you back, even if it is now and then.

Evolution of multicellularity

by dhw, Monday, October 29, 2012, 17:47 (4409 days ago) @ George Jelliss

GEORGE: Of course I find dhw's ideas that cells have minds or consciousness in some form rather too fanciful.-I don't know at what point you linked up with this discussion. I presume you would not disagree that our bodies comprise huge communities of cells with different functions, and that these communities work together, and do so quite independently of any conscious control by ourselves: breathing, digesting, fighting disease etc. If you believe as I do that all forms of life descended from earlier forms, you need to find an explanation for how single-celled life became multicellular, and how all the organs we now take for granted actually originated. Since they all comprise communities of cells, it does not seem unreasonable to suppose that initially individual cells combined with other cells to form such communities. I don't see how anyone can deny that these working communities demonstrate some form of intelligence. David traces this back to his first cause UI, whereas I presume you trace it back to a lucky mix of ingredients in the primordial soup. I am not focusing on a first cause, because I still think it's unknowable and I find both theories incredible. I'm focusing solely on how evolution works, and I'm suggesting that its necessary innovations take place not through Darwin's series of random mutations (= sheer chance), but through deliberate interaction and cooperation between cells and cell communities ... in precisely the same way as cells and cell communities now interact and cooperate within our own bodies. Perhaps you could explain why this is more fanciful than the theory that innovations are caused initially by sheer chance?

Evolution of multicellularity

by dhw, Tuesday, October 30, 2012, 13:53 (4408 days ago) @ George Jelliss

GEORGE (under Velikovsky...): It seems you are still unmoved by the joining-up-the-dots argument about the origin of life. In the early universe there are all the building blocks for life and in the later universe life is made up of those blocks and evolves by natural selection. So there must have been a transition from one to the other. Why invoke supernatural or mystical forces to to explain the occurrence when natural physical forces are sufficient.-Delighted though I am to have you splashing in the rock pool, I'm slightly baffled by your post. Where on earth have I invoked supernatural or mystical forces? In the Velikovsky post, I have reiterated my scepticism concerning both the UI theory and the chance theory (which you euphemistically call "natural physical forces"). In my response on this thread to your dismissal of "the intelligent cell" as "rather too fanciful", I could scarcely have made it clearer that I am NOT dealing with the origin of life, or with supernatural or mystical forces:-"I don't see how anyone can deny that these working communities [= organs and organisms] demonstrate some form of intelligence. David traces this back to his first cause UI, whereas I presume you trace it back to a lucky mix of ingredients in the primordial soup. I am not focusing on a first cause, because I still think it's unknowable and I find both theories incredible. I'm focusing solely on how evolution works, and I'm suggesting that its necessary innovations take place not through Darwin's series of random mutations (= sheer chance), but through deliberate interaction and cooperation between cells and cell communities..."-In the context of Velikovsky, you have ignored my reply and only answered your own point about the origin of the moon, and on this thread you have not responded at all to my arguments concerning the "intelligent cell". You commented earlier that "the arguments still seem to be much the same", but here you are avoiding two topics that are quite different, after having passed disparaging remarks about both! This is not the combative but rational and well-informed George of yesteryear! -To return, though, to the tried and trusted topic, David has given his response concerning the origin of life, but even from my neutral perspective, your statement that "there must have been a transition from one to the other" is blindingly obvious. The whole point of that particular discussion is HOW the inanimate could have turned into the animate!

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